what或how引导的感叹句㈡
(2013-10-03 12:51:06)
标签:
英语句法感叹句教育 |
what或how引导的感叹句㈡
录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第三章 英语各种功能句
第七节
编者
(前续:what或how引导的感叹句 2. how导感叹句)
3. what和how引导感叹句的比较
⑴how与what引导同义感叹句——what和how可互换而引导同一意思感叹句
①欲要表达同一感叹意义,英语感叹句既可用what引导,也可用how引导,只是需要调动句中词位稍作变化——句首What修饰的复数名词或不可数名词,通常是带着形容词作表语或宾语;要变成How强调形容词放在句首,而将名词带着定冠词the用作主语或宾语。
例:What bad weather it is!
=How bad the
weather is!
What bright sunshine it is!
=
How bright the
sunshine is!
What tall buildings they are! =
How tall the
buildings are!
What delicious cakes these are! = How delicious these cakes are!这是些多么美味的蛋糕!
②what强调名词,若名词是单数可数名词,而又要强调其前的形容词时,便可换用how引导,但不定冠词须放在形容词之后;也可对其中的冠词稍作变动而换用名词作主语或宾语。
例:What a hot day it is! =How hot a day it is! 今天好热呀!=How hot the day is! 多么热的天气呀!
What a pretty girl she looks!=How pretty a girl she
looks!=How pretty the girl looks!
What a beautiful park it is!=How beautiful a park it is ! =How beautiful the park is! (那是个)多么美丽的公园啊!
What a delightful evening we have had! =How delightful an evening we’ve had! 我们过了一个多么愉快的夜晚!
=How delightful we have had the
evening!
⑵what和how引导省略感叹句——由what和how引导的感叹句在口语中常用省略式。
①语法省略式——通常限于主谓部分的省略,用于说听双方都明确其意思的场合。
例:What a useful book (I have)!
What splendid cloth (it looks)!
What a lot of work (they have)!
How hot (I’m felling)!
How dark (it is in the room)! (那屋子里)好黑呀!
②语义省略式——其特点是有意将所感叹的中心词抽掉,造成语义上的空白,取得含蓄的感叹效果。针对谓语动词发感叹就常用这一句式。
例:What a lie!
What a day!
How you frightened me!
How the baby cried!
⑶what和how引导感叹句的差别
①what和how引导的感叹句与由它们引导的特殊疑问句的区别——在于其主谓语的位置不同:感叹句是主语在前,谓语在后;而特殊疑问句则是主谓语倒置。
例:What an interesting magazine you are reading! 你看的杂志多么有趣啊!【感叹句】
What interesting magazine are you reading?
How old he is!
How old is he?
②what有时可独立使用,起一个名词的作用,意为“多”,用作宾语而出现在感叹句首。但how以此格式出现在句首时,则是修饰谓语动词,其意义就得因语义环境根据所修饰动词的词义而定了。
例:What
the child knows!
What he has asked for!
但:How you
jump!
How she looks!
⑷what和how引导感叹句有共同禁忌
①感叹形容词what和感叹副词how,引导构成的感叹句都不能用否定式。例如不能说:
*What a pity it isn’t!
*What silly questions you don’t ask!
* How fast he doesn’t run!
*How hard they didn’t work!
②由what或how引导构成的感叹句,通常是把被强调的成分放在主语之前。但当how修饰动词时,动词不可跟着感叹词提到主语之前;没有直接形容词的what感叹句,其谓语动词也不能提到主语之前。下面都是正确例句。
例:How hard he
works!
How the runner runs!
How he loves
his son!
What I
had suffered!
③what和how都不能在句首引导带形式主语it的感叹句
在通常情况下,我们会用形式主语it代替主语从句放在句首,而将主语从句放在句末,以避免句子头重脚轻。
但如果是带形式主语it的感叹句,句首是What或How占去了首要位置,那么形式主语it连同连系动词就与真正的主语从句一起,只好依照顺序退居于句子后部。
例:What
an excellent present it is that he gave
me!
【陈述句:It is an excellent present that he gave me.】
How
strange it is that the children are so quiet!
【陈述句:It is strange that the children are so quiet!】
How interesting it is (that)
we heard the stories!
=What interesting stories we heard!
在感叹句中,不仅代主语从句的形式主语it是如此,代其它真正主语的it也得刀此处理。
又例:What a business it is moving house! 搬家这件事真够受的!【动名词短语作主语】
How dangerous it is to drive fast on a busy road! 在交通繁忙的道路开快车是多么的危险!【不定式短语作主语】
4. 省略感叹句
所谓省略感叹句(ellipsis of the exclamatory sentence)是指what感叹句和how感叹句,在口语中经常使用的省略形式。
使用what感叹句或how感叹句,在句子表意清楚的情况下,后面的陈述部分【即句子的主语和谓语部分】可以省略;有时,句子前部的形容词或副词也可省略。
⑴省略感叹句的常见形式
①省略主谓部分的感叹句——感叹句如果省略,通常是陈述部分的主语、谓语一起省略。
例:What a pity it is!→
What a pity!
What a nice
day it is!→
What a nice
day!
How nice it looks!→ How nice! (看上去)多么好啊!【听者知道言者在赞美面前的什么】
How beautiful your sister is!→
How beautiful!
②一个感叹句省去了主语和谓语这两大主要部分,余下部分自然就是用以表达感叹的单词或词组了。当然,通常是可以把省掉了的部分补充扩展成一个完整的句子,这样对用了感叹号的词就可判定其为省略的感叹句。
例:How cold! →How
cold it is!
How
cruel
→How cruel they are!
How lucky! →How lucky I am/you are! (我是/你是)多么幸运啊!
How fast!
→How fast he
walks/runs/drives!
What a clever boy!
→What a
clever boy he is!
What a
strange man!
→What a
strange man he is!
What an adventure!
→What an
adventure you
underwent!
③感叹句中除了主谓部分可以省略,有些形容词与副词也可以省略。这样,What引导的感叹句中what修饰的名词依然存在;how引导的感叹句中,虽省去了形容词或副词,但句中的主谓结构没有省略。
例:What
an idea!
→What a
good idea it is!
What a question!
→What a
difficult question this is!
How he looks!
→How
happy he
looks!
How time flies!
→How
fast time
flies!
④完整的感叹句通过如此这般地省略后,就剩下了只用单词或词组来表达感叹的省略感叹句了,这也是口语中经常用到的感叹句式。
例:What!
什么!
Stupid!
愚蠢!
Rubbish!
胡说八道!
Wnderful!
太精彩了!
How
nice!
多好呀!
Look!
How sweet!
瞧!多美!
How
nice of you to come!
What a magnificent building!
⑤省略感叹句也不完全如上述例句那么简单,也有相对较复杂的省略感叹句。
例:What a pity
(it is) that you can’t come with us!
How
careless (it is) of him to make such a mistake!
这一类的感叹句中,有的虽只由单词或词组构成,但应该视为是一个完整句子的省略而付之于用。我们在学习使用时,也应当用之为习惯,言简意赅为之要,了解原理即为可,没必要硬去画蛇添足般将其补充为完整的祈使句。
⑵省略感叹句的使用场合
口语中在表示激动强烈的感情时,常常采用省略感叹句,其后面部分的主语和谓语往往略去不讲出来;实用的相当一部分感叹句是连形容词也不用。
①当感叹句中的名词带有形容词的意味时,常用无形容词省略形式。
例:What luck!
What
fools!
What fun!
What a
noodlehead!
②当进行批评时,就常用无形容词省略感叹句。
例:What a mess!
What a thing to say!
What a shame!
What
nonsense!
What a way to behave!
What a time to choose!
What a way to bring up a child!
③当表示强调或夸张时,也常用无形容词省略感叹句。
例:How nice!
How cool!
How disappointed!
What taste!
Oh, what a lie!
Oh, what a hero!
What a
man!
④当表示赞美或欣赏时,多用带形容词省略感叹句。
例:Wonderful! 真棒!
How
wonderful!
What a
fine day!
What a
nice present!
What
red apples!
What
an honest boy!
What an adorable child!
What a
pleasant girl!
What a
beautiful girl!
What a
fine figure of a man!
What a
nice-looking young man!
⑤当表示不满或蔑视时,也多用省略感叹句。
例:What a repulsive man!
What a curious mistake!
What a
lazy girl!
What a
meshuga woman!
⑥这样的省略句,有时意思可能不确定,是褒是贬,得据上下文或视具体情况而定——不过,以表褒意为常。
例:What a day
(it is)!
What an apple (this is)!
What a
voyage (they had)!
What a
(lovely/melancholy) night!
What a surprise! 真是出人意外的事!【什么事,依上下文而知】
How he works!
What a
nice girl!
英语中由感叹形容词what和感叹副词how所引导的感叹句,以及这两类感叹句的变化形式,大抵就如上所述。但说感叹句的内容还没完,还得说说其它形式的感叹句。
(感叹句未完待续)