what或how引导的感叹句㈠
(2013-10-03 12:45:52)
标签:
英语句法感叹句教育 |
what或how引导的感叹句㈠
录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第三章 英语各种功能句
第七节
编者
what或how引导的感叹句
英语的感叹句(exclamatory sentence)是用来表达喜悦、赞叹、惊奇、激动、气愤、痛苦、烦恼、厌恶、鄙夷、犹豫、惋惜、后悔以及愿望等喜怒哀乐强烈情绪的句子,句末用感叹号(!),读降调。
英语感叹句常见的有六种类型:由what和how引导的感叹句、倒置状语感叹句、别种句式的感叹句、转换而成的感叹句和省略感叹句。
what感叹句和how引导的感叹句是两种定为正式典型的感叹句句式类型,它通过感叹词对句子的某一成分加以强调而表示感叹;句中主语和谓语动词不可倒置,即需用陈述句语序:主语在前,谓语在后。此两类句式中的what和how都是“多么”的意思。
1. what感叹句——凡针对是名词的句子成分如主语、宾语或表语等发出感叹,就用what。
在以what引导的感叹句句式中,what为感叹形容词(exclamatory adjective),修饰名词;但其间往往还有另一个直接修饰该名词的直接形容词(direct adjective)。
⑴What (a)+形容词+表语+主语+系动词! 【针对表语发出感叹】
①该句式中,如果形容词所修饰的名词【即句子表语】为一个单数形式的可数名词,则在what之后必须跟用不定冠词a或an【an用在以元音开头的形容词前】。
例:What a beautiful flower it
is!
What a fast
train this is!
What a clever boy he is!
What an absurd idea this is
!
What an extraordinary hat it is! 多么奇特的帽子!
What an interesting picture-book it
is!
What an abject performance that was!
②如果形容词所修饰的名词是不可数名词或复数名词,名词前面便不需用不定冠词。
例:What heavy
snow it is!
What great
news this is!
What good milk this
is!
What delicious food it is!
What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀!【复数可数名词】
What clever girls they are!
What kind women they
are!
What hard-working people they
are!
③有少数名词如pity、shame、surprise、pleasant等,虽属不可数名词,但当其由感叹形容词what修饰时,其前通常也加用不定冠词。【下面例句中有些属省略感叹句故不便划分句子成分】
例:What a pity it is!
What a pity to miss the
chance!
What a pity to have lost
such a nice pen!
What a pity that you haven’t come to
watch TV!
What a pity you couldn’t
come here yesterday!
What a shame it is!
What a shame to deceive
the girl!
What a shame to cheat at
an examination!
What a shame for you to cheat others!
What a shame that you’ve
done such a thing!
What a surprise
it is!
What a surprise meeting you
here!
What a pleasant
girl she is!
Daisy,
what a pleasant surprise it is!
④若pity用于其它结构的句式,即使是感叹句,也就不用不定冠词。
例:Have pity on her! 可怜可怜她吧!
Take pity upon the
child!
Don’t take pity on evil
people!
My brethren, have pity! 我的弟兄们,发发善心吧!
Do have/take pity on me!
“Have pity on me!”he cried. 他大声喊着说:“可怜可怜我吧!”
同样,感叹形容词what修饰单数可数名词时,必须置于不定冠词的前面;如果修饰的是复数可数名词或不可数名词,则无需加用不定冠词。
①What (a)+形容词+主语+谓语动词…! 【针对主语部分发出感叹】
例:What a strange fellow is coming!
What an enormous crowd went!
What happy children live here!
What bad
news has come!
②What (a)+形容词+宾语+主语+谓语动词…! 【针对宾语发出感叹】
例:What a
good heart you have!
What a
good job you have done!
What a nice lunch we’re going to have!
What beautiful weather we have!
What bad
weather we’re having!
What thick
ice we are having here!
What silly
questions you asked!
What fine roses you have!
What wonderful ideas
we have!
③What+名词词组【状语】+主语+谓语动词…!【针对名词状语部分的感叹】
例:What a
long time we have been waiting for you!
What a
while we mixed
in with each other!
④What+名词+谓语动词/连系动词+其它…!【针对感叹形容词What所修饰名词的感叹】
有时候,What感叹句省去了直接形容词,转由感叹形容词what直接修饰后面的名词。这样句子中的名词若不带形容词性而表意不清,则须就上下文来判断直接形容词what所表何意。
例:What a man he is! 那家伙算什么!【名词不带形容词性】
What noise
they are making!
What fools they are! 他们多傻啊! 【名词带有形容词性】
What fun we could have! 我们玩得多开心啊!
What a
fuss they made!
What fun it will be when we all
go on holiday together!
⑤What【主语/宾语】+谓语动词/连系动词+其它…!【针对代词What的感叹】
有的时候,What可用作感叹代词,直接在感叹句中作主语或宾语。
例:What I had suffered!
What he has experienced!
What was his surprise when he
found it!
2. how导感叹句——用how对非名词的词构成之句子成分谓语、表语、状语发出感叹。
以how引导的感叹句式中,how是感叹副词(exclamatory adverb),修饰形容词、副词或动词。针对上述词类为表语、状语及谓语部分的感叹就用how。
⑴How+表语/状语+主语+系动词/谓语…!
此句式只是how导感叹句的一个概式,它包括用how引导的“主—系—表”感叹句和“主—谓—宾”感叹句两种句式。how用作感叹副词,在句中作状语以强调形容词,副词或动词。
例:How boring this is! 这实在太无趣了!【主—系—表句】
How beautiful you are, Helen!
How hard they worked!
How quickly and well
the boy is writing!
How much I like to study English!
How carefully she is doing his homework.
①How+形容词【表语】+主语+系动词! 【针对表语发感叹】
例:How clever he is!
How blue the sky is!
How hot it is today! 今天天气好热啊!
How disappointed she
is!
How beautiful this
flower is!
How beautiful the flowers are! 这些花多么美丽!
How happy they look!
How nice the pictures are!
How fortunate we
are to live in this epoch!
“Oh, how silly you all are!” Cried he. “喔!你们大家都这么傻!”他叫喊起来。
②How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+连系动词!【针对表语发感叹】
例:How tall a child he is!
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely a litte girl she is!
How interesting a fairy story
it is!
这种句式中作表语的名词必须是单数可数名词,不可以是复数名词,也不能够用不可数名词;而且名词前的不定冠词不能省略。
③How+副词【状语】+主语+谓语动词…! 【针对状语发感叹】
例:How quickly you walk!
How well Danny dances!
How beautifully you sing!
How heavily it is raining!
How hard the workers are
working!
How fluently she speaks English!
How fortunately
he passed
the exam!
这种句式中,how修饰副词,句中的谓语动词必须用行为动词,包括不及物动词和及物动词;不可以是连系动词。
④How+主语+谓语…! 【针对谓语发感叹】
例:How (hard)
he worked!
How (well)
she sings!
How (fast) the man runs! 那人跑得多快啊!
How (much)
I missed you!
How (much)
I want to be a doctor!
How (much)
he wished for a drink!
这种感叹句可以认为是how的后面省略了一个不言而喻的副词,如括号中所示。但这类副词的这种省略,只要不致产生歧义,是英语使用祈使句的习惯所允许的。初学者如果需要自造这种感叹句而一时又找不到合适的副词,便可省而不用,仍能写出符合英语使用习惯的感叹句。
又例:How he ran!他跑得多快啊!
How they shout!他们叫喊得多厉害呀!
How you’ve grown!
How you’ve changed!
How he snores!
How he loved his motherland!
How the
children enjoyed themselves at the seaside!