英语句子成分一致关系㈤

录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第二章 英语句子成分 第十三节 句子成分一致关系

编者  川竹 樑翁

（续前：二、主谓语一致关系  4.谓语动词单复数运用易混淆的情形 ⑷量名词of结构修饰的主语对谓语动词的确定⑥）

 

⑷量名词of结构修饰的主语对谓语动词的确定

①要求谓语动词与量名词保持一致的量名词结构

a).“a+n.+of”式结构如a piece of、a cup of、a bottle of、a drop of等含一般量名词的of后面，只跟不可数名词作主语，其谓语动词的单复数与量名词的单复数保持一致。

例：There is a bottle of ink on the desk．书桌上有瓶墨水。【量名词单数决定谓语动词用单数】

A piece of meat is in the crow's mouth. 乌鸦嘴里衔有一块肉。

There are two cups of tea on the table．方桌上有两杯茶。【量名词复数决定谓语动词用复数】

    Drops of blood are running down his nose. 一滴滴的血顺着他的鼻子往下流。

b). a pair (双) of 修饰成对的可数名词复数用作主语时，其谓语动词的数与pair或pairs保持一致。

例：There is a pair of shoes under the bed．床底下有一双鞋。

There are four pairs of shoes under the bed．床底下有四双鞋。

The pair of socks is new. 那双短袜是新的。

The two pairs of scissors are my sister’s. 那两把剪刀都是我姐姐的。

c). 含a pile(堆) of的主语也以pile的数决定谓语动词的数：a pile of后跟不可数名词或可数名词复数，谓语动词都用单数；其复数形式piles of，无论后面所跟是可数名词复数还是不可数名词，谓语动词都用复数。

例：There’s a pile of grass beside the road．路边有一堆草。

There’s a pile of books on the floor．地板上有一堆书。

There are piles of books on the floor. 地板上有几堆书。

    There were big piles of paper in the arist's workroom．那艺术家的工作室里有几大堆纸。

 

②a lot of (=lots of许多)修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；修饰的主语是可数名词复数时，谓语用复数。

例：There was a lot of mud on the ground. 地上有许多泥。

A lot of my friends are here to celebrate my birthday. 我的很多朋友来这里庆贺我的生日。

    A lot of／lots of flowers in the garden were picked. 花园里许多花被摘了。

 

③主语含a kind of、a type of、a variety of等表种类的量名词of结构，对谓语动词的要求各不一样，其中以a kind of用例最多。

a kind of这一量名词of结构【使用中的a多换用为指示代词等限定词】，当kind (种类,)用单数时，其后可跟名词复数、名词单数或不可数名词，谓语动词都用单数形式(a)；当kind与表复数概念的数词等连用时得用其复数形式kinds，以复数kinds使用时，相应的指示代词和动词也得是复数(b)；但在美国作家的文笔下，也有像“these／those kind of +名词复数”这样的kind单数用法(c)【尽管文学上有大量这样的先例存在，但这一结构已被其本国的语法专家们所否定，以至于认为对这样的用法即使不是严格的错误，也算是不慎重】。此外，what kind of后可跟单数名词，也可跟复数名词：名词为单数，动词用单数；名词为复数，动词用复数(d)。

例：a).This kind of cloth washes very well．这种布耐洗。

This kind of help is always appreciated．这一种帮助总是应该感激的。

That kind of question is very difficult to answer．那一种种问题难于回答。

That kind of apples is good to eat．那种苹果好吃。

This kind of films is popular. 这种电影很流行。

The right kind of wood was important．就是那种木料很重要。

A ray of light pierced the darkness. 一道亮光刺破黑暗。【pierced是pierces的过去式】

b). These kinds of films are popular. 这种电影很流行。

Three kinds of apple trees have been planted．已经种了三种苹果树。

All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome．所有的困难都得克服。

The same kinds of things are produced and sold by many different companies in the U.S.

美国许多不同的公司生产和出售着同类产品。

c). These kind of films are popular. 这种电影很流行。

     Those kind of questions are very difficult．

那种问题很困难。【也写成：Questions of that kind are very difficult．】

   d). What kind of car runs fast? 哪种小车跑得快？

What kind of books are good for the pupils to read? 哪种书适合于小学生阅读？

关于a type (类型) of的用法似应与a kind of同，但尚未收集到足够的例句【读者可在广泛阅读过程中对此自行收集补充】。而a variety (种种) of意为“多种的”，其后常跟可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。

例：A variety of improvements are suggested. 种种的改良案都被提出。

A great variety of flowers were shown there．那里展出了很多品种的花。

但：There is not much variety in it. 它没有多少变化。【variety变化”；不可数名词】

 

④当number (数量)、amount (数量)用作量名词修饰主语时，其谓语动词的数视其所修饰的名词而定。

a). a number of (许多的) 后跟名词复数，谓语动词用复数；而当the number of与名词连用作主语时，谓语动词用单数——因number (数量)作为抽象名词作主语，当视为单数。

例：A number of students were late for school owing to the storm．一些学生因暴风雨而迟到。

A number of books have been published on the subject．有关这学科的书出了好些。

There are a large number of people there. 那里有很多人。

但：The number of errors was surprising．错误的数量让人吃惊。【注意number前定冠词的作用】

The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing．

有关这个学科的书其出版数量简直惊人。

b). a large amount of (=large amounts of大量的)能修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，不过以接不可数名词为常；作主语时，其谓语动词的数由所修饰名词的数决定。the mount of (…的总数量)作主语时，谓语动词的数依of后名词而定。

例：There is a large amount of work for us to do. 有大量的工作在等我们去做。

A large amount of money is spent on tobacco every year. 每年在烟草上花去大量的钱。

但：The total amount of money is 100 dolars. (钱的)总数是100美元。

 

⑤意为“部分”的part、portion与proportion作量名词的用法各有区别。

a). 含(a) part of 的主语，由of后名、代词决定谓语动词的单复数：part of／a part of +单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。(a) part of +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

例：Part of／A part of this house is of stone.这房子的一部分是石头的。【修饰不可数名词用单数】

    Part of／A part of it was spoilt．它的一部分被损坏了。

    Part of／A part of the pupils were lazy．有一部分学生很懒散。【修饰可数名词用复数】

    Part of／A part of the books have arrived．有部分书已经到了。

b). 在a portion／proportion of所修饰的名词前通常要用定冠词；其谓语动词的数依所修饰名词的数而定。

例：Only a small portion of the whole belongs to me. 这整体中只有一小部分属于我。

A no small proportion of the people here are very poor．这里大部分人民都很穹。

A large proportion of the students were sick last week. 上星期大部分学生病了。

 

⑥a great deal of (=a good deal of很多, 好些) 后面只能跟抽象名词或物质名词，当其作主语时谓语动词只用单数形式。例：A great deal of wood is needed in building a house. 建房子需要大量木料。

例：There is a good deal of sugar in the box. 箱内有许多糖。

There was a great deal of shouting and and clapping of hands. 呼声和掌声很大。

There was a great deal of excitement just before it began. 比赛开始前，人们非常激动。

 

⑸主语含half、plenty、most、population时谓语动词的确定

①含half of (一半)的主语，谓语动词取决于of 后名词的可数或不可数。

a). 名词half + of +不可数名词 /单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

例：Half of our work is done. 我们工作的一半已做完。

Half of the milk has been poured into the other bowl．一半的牛奶已经溢入到另一个碗中。

    The half of a hundred is fifty．一百的一半是五十。

b).“不定冠词a +单数名词 +and a half／数词one + and a half +复数名词”作主语时．谓语动词都用单数。

例：An apple and a half is left on the plate．盘子里留下了一个半苹果。

A year and a half has passed．一年半的时间已经过去了。

One and a half bananas was eaten by the little boy．一个半香蕉被那小孩吃了。

c). half + of +可数复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

例：Half of the books are novels. 有一半的书是小说。

    Half of them are here. 他们有半数人来了。

About half of the students are northerners．约有一半的学生是北方人，

【当of省略时，half为形容词，做前置定语：Half an hour is enough. 半小时够了。】

 

②含plenty of (许多)主语的谓语动词依of后名词的单复数决定

a). plenty of +不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

例：There is plenty of variety. 有很多种类。

    There is plenty of snow. 雪很大。

b). plenty of +可数复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

例：There are plenty of rooms in the hotel．那旅馆里有许多房间。

There are plenty of eggs in the basket．蓝子里鸡蛋多得很。

 

③主语含most (大多数)的句子一般用复数谓语，但most of若与单数可数名词或不可数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。

例：Most fish have fins. 大多数鱼有鳞。【fish单复数同形】

Most of his money is spent on books. 他的大部分钱都用去买书了。【修饰不可数名词】

Most of the town was destroyed. 大部分城镇被破坏。【指一个整体的大部分】

Most of the book is interesting． 这本书大部分很有意思。【指一个个体的大部分】

Most of the books were missing. 大多数书都找不着了。【指很多个体的大部分】

    Most of the books are informative though a little dull．

    这些书尽管有点枯燥，但大多数是有知识内容的。

 

④对the population (人口)有时作单数看，有时用作复数，也主要从意思上来决定：把population作为人口数量来计算是复数概念，作主语或修饰主语，其谓语动词用复数；但把population视为抽象名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

例：One third of the population here are workers．这里三分之一的人口是工人。

The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在这些乡村里的人依然饮用井水。

What is the population of this city? 这个城市的人口是多少？【此is是疑问句中的单数】

 

⑹含百分比和分数词的主语由其后所跟名词决定谓语单复数

①主语含百分比percent【per cent】(百分之…)的谓语动词需酌情而定

a). 当percent + of +复数名词／集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

 例：Forty percent of the students in our school are girls．

我们学校有百分之四十的学生是女生。

     About eighty percent of the population of our country are peasants．

我国有大约百分之八十的人口是农民。

   b). 当percent + of +单数名词／不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

例：Ninety percent of the work has been done．百分之九十的工作已经完成。

North of the equator about 61 percent of the surface is covered by water.

赤道以北大约百分之六十一的表面被水覆盖着。

 

②分数词作主语由其后所跟名词决定谓语单复数

分数词作主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于分数词及其所跟内容的单复数含义而定。具体地说：

a) “分数词+ of(几分之一／几分之几) +the+单数名词／不可数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

例：Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea．地球表面的四分之三是海。

    Two-thirds of the area is covered by trees．那一地区的三分之二覆盖着树林。

b). “分数词+ of(几分之一／几分之几) +the+复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

例：A quarter of the workers are women in that factory．那厂里四分之一的工人是妇女。

Over nine-tenths of China’s inhabitants belong to the Han nationality．

中国居民的十分之九以上属于汉族。

 

⑺含many、more等修饰语的主语并不都用复数谓语

①当many (多)、more (更多)作主语或与复数名词连用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

例：The many fail, the one succeeds. 大众失败，一人成功。所修饰的

    A good many of the villagers have had the flu. 有许多村民已经得了流感。

For many are called, but few are chosen. 尽管被召见的人多，选上的人却很少。

I opened only two bottles but more were in the refrigerator.

我只打开了两瓶，但还有很多在冰箱里。

 

②主语由many a (很多)或more than one (不止一个)修饰或含little(少)、much (多)，谓语动词用单数形式。

例：Many a person has had that kind of experience． 很多人有过这种经验。【修饰单数可数名词】

Many a student doesn't like having to do their homework. 很多学生部不喜欢被迫做作业。

More than one person was involved in the case.  不止一个人牵涉在这个案件中。

There is little time left. 只有很短的时间了。【修饰不可数名词】

Much has been written. 大量内容已被写过。

There is much to be learned. 还有许多事情需要了解。

There was not much to look at in the city museum. 城里的博物馆没有什么值得一看的。

(未完待续)