英语句子成分一致关系㈥
(2013-08-02 21:35:01)
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英语句子成分一致关系教育 |
英语句子成分一致关系㈥
录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第二章 英语句子成分 第十三节 句子成分一致关系
编者
(续前:二、主谓语一致关系
⑻主语是表示度、量、衡、时间及货币等数量的谓语一般用单数动词。
英语中有与我们汉语量词单位相应的表数量单位的典型名词如kilogram (千克)、metre (公尺)、kilometre (公里)、foot (英尺)、mile (英里)、ton (吨)、pound (磅、英镑)、dollar (美元)、hour (小时)等,这类词如用作主语,其谓语动词多用单数形式,当然也有使用复数动词作谓语的时候。
①某些度量名词可用于“量名词of结构”中修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语,此时其谓语动词的单复数也应与这类量名词的单复数保持一致。但若以量名词of结构形式修饰不可数名词表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词只用单数。
例:Three million tons of coal were exported that year. 这年出口了三百万吨煤。
200 or 300 cubic meters of snow were removed in a short time.
二三百立方米的雪在短时间内被搬走了。
In these years 5 million square metres of housing were constructed in Shanghai.
但:Five pounds of sugar is enough。五磅(这么多)的糖足够了。【这是将五磅糖作为一个整体看待】
②表币值、重量、长度等类名词作主语,即使是复数形式,习惯上也是作为一个单位来考虑,谓语动词用单数形式。
例:Ten thousand dollars is a large sum of money.10000美元是一大笔钱。
Three dollars is a high price for that hat.三美元买那帽子太贵了。
One hundred dollars is needed by me. 我所需要的是一百美元。
Two hundred (dollars) and eight dollars is too much.二百八十美元太多。
Ten dollars is not enough.十美元不够。
Four million francs is a big sum.四百万法郎是一大笔钱。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元人民币够了。【英语中的汉语度量单位如yuan、li、jin不用复数形式】
One hundreds li was covered in a single night.一夜间就走了一百里路。
One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.100英里太远了,徒步旅行难以到达。
A kilogram is not a heavy amount. 一千克的重量并不沉重。
1000 kilos is a metric ton. 1000千克是1公吨。【kilo = kilogram】
One hundred and fifty pounds is what you should weigh.一百五十磅是你应有的重量。
Two hundred miles is a long distance.二百英哩是很长一段距离。
特别提示:重量、高度、长度词作主语的谓语用单数
weight(重量)、height(高度)、length (长度)等词本身属抽象名词,作主语时谓语动词自然应该用单数。
例:What is your weight? 你体重多少?
The baby's weight was four kilos. 那婴孩体重4公斤。
His height makes him stand out in the crowd.
他这么高,使他在人群中显得很突出。【stand out突出】
③表示时间的名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数;但若强调时间的长度,谓语动词则用复数。
例:An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 【谚】 一日之计在于晨。
The darkest hour is that before the dawn. 【谚】黎明之前天最黑。
Fifteen years represents a long period of his life.15年代表他一生中一个很长的时期。
Two years
is a short time.
Three years in a strange land seems like a long time.
在一块陌生的土地上渡过三年时光似乎很漫长。
The last day or two before the end of the term has been a busy time for teachers.
期末前的最后一两天一直是教师最忙碌的时间。
但:The last three years have been full of happiness.
最近这三年里(一直)充满了快乐。【be full of充满】
Our business hours are 9:30 to 20:30. 我们的营业时间是九点半到二十点半。
⑼算式中的谓语动词单复数似无一定规则
①在加法算式中,并列主语由and连接时,谓语动词一般用单数,但也可用复数。
例:Six and six is/are twelve.六加六得十二。
Five and seven makes/make twelve.五加七等于十二。
Two and two makes four. 二加二得四。
Twenty-six and thirty-one equals fifty-seven. 二十六加三十一等于五十七。
②由介词plus(加)或minus (减)短语修饰的主语,其谓语动词多用单数,有时也用复数。
例:4 plus 3 equals 7. 四加三等于七。【也可将4 plus 3一起划为主语】
Two plus two is four. 二加二等于四。
12 minus
7 leaves 5.
Eleven minus
three is eight.
Nine minus three is / are six.九减三等于六。
③在由名词time (乘)短语表示的乘法算式【…×…=…】中,谓语动词用单复数都不论。
例:Five times six is/are thirty. 五(乘)六得三十。【time (n.)“倍”,用来表示倍数或乘法】
Three times seven are/is twenty-one. 三(乘)七(得)二十一。
Two times four is/are eight.二四得八。
但:Two fives are ten. 二乘五等于十。/ 二五得一十。【此类式用复数动词】
⑽专有名词作主语,谓语动词多用单数;在具普通名词性质时才可用复数。
①单个专有名词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
例:France is famous for its fine food and wine. 法国以其佳肴和美酒著名。
②当专有名词具有普通名词的性质,可有复数形式,谓语动词也用复数。
例:There are three Johns in our grade.我们年级有三个约翰。
The Arabs are famous for their horses and camels.阿拉伯以其马和骆驼闻名。
⑾某些单复数同形词作主语其谓语动词得视语境而定
①Chinese、Japanese、Swiss等由国名生成而指国民的普通名词作主语,其谓语动词的数由其所表现的单复数意义来决定。
例:The several Chinese are my friends. 那几个中国人是我的朋友。
The Japanese has never been to China 那个日本人从来没有来过中国。
The Swiss are good at making watches. (那些)瑞士人善于会制造钟表。
②Chinese、English、French等词指语言时,谓语是单数,前加冠词the指人民时,谓语用复数。
例:Chinese is the language used by the most users in the world.
汉语是世界上使用人数最多的语言。
The Chinese love peace. 中国人民热爱和平。
Nowadays English is used most widely in the world. 英语在当今世界上使用最为广泛。
The English nowadays are our Chinese people’s friends.
现在的英国人民是我们中国人民的朋友。
Japanese is the language of Japan, written in kana mixed with Chinese characters.
日语是用带有汉字特征的假名书写的日本语言。
The Japanese use many honorifics.日本人使用很多敬语。
③sheep (绵羊)、deer (鹿)等单复数同形词作主语时,视其意义决定谓语的单复数。
例:The sheep are eating grass on the hillside. 绵羊们在山坡上吃草。
The sheep is big and fat. 那只绵羊又大又肥。
Deer is an animal and it's a very famous animal.
鹿是一种动物而且是一种非常有名的动物。
The deer I have seen grow very hale. 我所见过的那些鹿长得很健壮。
⑿某些复数形式的主语其谓语可能为单数
有些名词只有复数形式,当它们作主语时,应根据它们的实际含义来决定谓语动词的单、复数。
①news(消息)及某些学科名词,如physics (物理学)、maths【=mathematics】(数学)、economics (经济学)等,其形式为复数,意义上却为单数,当其作主语时仍须保持单数谓语动词。
例:The news was good. / It was good news. 这是个好消息。
Physics seems more difficult for the students. 物理对学生更难些。
Maths is her best subject. 数学是她最擅长的课目。
Mathematics is the language of science. 数学是科学的语言。
但:economics若意指经济情况,如经济事件,尤指有关财政问题时,可与单数也可与复数动词连用。
例:World economics bears directly on world peace.
世界经济直接关系到世界和平。【bear on 涉及】
Economics are slowly killing the family farm. 经济情况正在使家庭农场慢慢解体。
②works表示一家工厂时,谓语动词用单数;表示多家工厂时,谓语动词用复数。
例:The watch works near the park was set up in 1980.公园附近那家表厂建于1980年。
③means表示“方法、手段”时,可根据它前面的限定词来确定谓语动词的单、复数。
例:One means /Every means has not been tried.有一种方法 /每种方法都没试过。
但:means表示“财产、收入”时,谓语动词多用复数,也用单数。
例:His means were small.他的收入不多。
My means is slender. 我的资财微薄。
④词尾相同的词如series (系列)和species (种类),既可表单数也可表复数。
series 既是单数形式又是复数形式。当它具有“一套”的单数意思时,它使用单数动词,即使当series紧接着of和一个复数名词连用时也是如此;当它有“一套或多套”的复数意思时,它使用复数动词。species有表“单种”或“多种”的类似series的用法。
例:A series of lectures is scheduled. 一套演讲已安排好了。
Two series of lectures are scheduled. 两套演讲已安排好了。
The species is rare. 这个物种很稀少。
Some species of animals have become extinct. 有一些动物已经灭种了。
这类复数形式的单复数同形名词常用到的还有:bellows (风箱, 减压舱),barracks (兵营, 营房),gallows (绞架, 绞刑),headquarters (司令部, 总部),lasbones (懒骨头, 懒汉),links (高尔夫球场, 沙丘)等。
(未完待续)