加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:强调的语音词汇手段
(2020-07-25 09:47:49)
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365强调语音词汇 |
强调
(emphasis)
是一种修辞手法，可以采用语音手段、词汇手段和语法手段。
39.1
关键词语的重读和重复
1) 关键词语的重读
关键词语的重读往往可以表示对比含义：
This
is
my bag;
that
one
is
yours.
Why
do
you
come
today? I
He
lived
in
France,
not in
I
don't
have
much contact
with
my family, but I
do
see
my
mother
occasionally.
一个句子可以通过重读词语的改变而改变意义。
Jane
phoned me
yesterday.
(Not
anybody else.)
Jane
phoned
me
yesterday. (She
didn't come
to see
me.)
Jane phoned
me
yesterday.
(She
didn't
phone
you.)
Jane phoned me
yesterday.
(Not
today.)
还可用助动词do
的一定形式表示强调。
You
do
look
nice today.
You
should accept the
invitation.
She
does
like
you.
If he
does
decide to come, let me know,
will
you?
I
do
hope you will quit
smoking.
I
don't
do much exercise
now,
but I
did
play a lot
of
football
when
I
was
young.
I thought I'd pass the exam,
and
I
did
pass.
You needn't
lie
to me.
You
did
go
to
that
place
and
many people
saw
you
there.
此外还可用许多其他词语经过重读表示强调。
When
I
saw
her,
That's a bloody
good
idea.
那真他妈的是一个好主意。
Why
ever
did he marry
her?
What
on
earth
is
he doing here?
Where the hell
have
you
been?
That man is
not
at
all
a
scholar.
That
chap
isn't
in
any
way
a statesman.
I've
never
in all
my
life
seen such a crowd.
2) 关键词语的省略
＂替代”和“省略”都是避免重复的手段，那是就非关键性词语而言。至于关键性词语，有时可以通过重复以取得强调的修辞效果，这就是所谓的“修辞重复"
(rhetorical repetition)。修辞重复常见于正式语体，如庄严的演说、正规的论文、激情的对话、及其他幽默流畅的文学语言（literary
Language)
修辞重复可以出现在不同层次的语法结构上，比如词的重复：
Still,
he sought
for fame-
fame,
that
last
infirmity
of
a noble
mind.
We are
human,
and
human
beings
far from
perfect. To be
human
implies
we will make
I
knew
he
was
going to
cause trouble,
and
cause trouble
he did.
We were
born
in
the
very same
street,
in
the
very same
year.
She looks
much, much
older
than
she
used to.
在文学作品中，关键词的重复常用作实现艺术夸张的手段。所谓“艺术夸张”就是在特定的场合，对特定的词语异乎寻常地多次重复，以达到一种特殊的修辞效果。下列选段是诗人
William
H.
Davies在其所著
The
Autobiography
of
a
Super-Tramp
中的一段记述。这段文字描写作者本人流浪到加拿大的Montreal,
住在一家小客栈。一天晚上，客房没有灯光，隔壁房间的住客敲隔板问他借火柴。他觉得隔壁那人的话音很耳熟，但怎么也想不起来此人到底是谁。他冥思苦想，不能入睡。这一选段就是描写他冥思苦想的过程。
His
voice
in
the dark puzzled me, and I could not for my
life
locate
it.
A
hundred scenes passed (-
W.
H.
Davies)
本段以
His
voice
开首，下面引出四个
voice
使前后呼应。在寻找话音主人的想象中，又引出了十二种不同的人，从而使
men
连续重复了十二次，不仅使全段结构紧密，主题突出，还通过文学夸张，充分表现了作者的想象力和幽默感。在汉语的诗歌中，也常用关键词的多次重复以达到凸出主题的修辞效果。例如：
秋花惨淡秋草黄，耿耿秋灯秋夜长．
己觉秋窗秋不尽，那堪风雨助凄凉！
助矛大风雨来何速？惊破秋窗秋梦续。
抱得秋情不忍眠，自向秋屏挑泪烛
泪烛摇摇获短菜，牵愁照恨动离情
谁家牙各院无风入？何处秋窗无币声？
罗衾不奈秋风力，残漏声催秋雨急。
连宵脉脉复超建，灯前似伴离人泣。
寒烟小院转萧条，疏竹虚窗时滴沥。
不知风雨几时休，已教泪洒窗纱湿。
(—曹雪芹《红楼梦》）
这首诗包含5个语段，每段4句，共20句，其中关键词“秋”字重复出现了
15次，使黛玉心中的秋景秋情充满着悲凉。这就是修辞重复在文学语言中的妙用。当然，修辞重复，除了词的重复，还有词组的重复和相同句式的重复等。例如：
Any
man
or
state who fights on against Nazidom
will
have our aid.
Any
man
or
state who marches
There
is
no reason
for us to be enemies. Neither
of
us
seeks the territory
of
the other; neither
of
us
The
best
books
are
those
which
stir us up most and make us the most determined to do
something
Now
is the time to make real the promises
of
Democracy.
Now
is
the time to rise from the dark
..
And then suddenly the machines pushed them out and they
swarmed
on the highways. The (—
John
Steinbeck: The Grapes
of
Wrath)
英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的词序
(word order),
其特征是主语在前，谓语在后
，即“主语＋谓语”的结构。这是英语的“正常词序"
(normal order),
又叫“自然词序"
(natural order)
。按照正常词序，除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语和补语的位置都是相对固定的。这种词序的相对固定性转而又使某种打破常规改变词序的做法成为一种表示强调的手段。比如宾语和补语本来应该出现在主语和动词之后，如果把它们移至句首，便会使它们位置突出，实现某种强调。同样地，如果把一个句首成分移至句尾，也会产生类似的修辞效果。
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