章振邦语法英语句子汉译:省略的英汉语差异
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365省略英汉语差异 |
1) 对非关键性词语的处理
对于非关键性词语,英汉两种语言都要求省略。英语中的省略和替代是避免重复的语法手段。这里所谓的'避免重复”指的就是对句子中或上下文中非关键性词语的重复。在这个问题上,英语和汉语是基本一致的。比如在汉语中,有些句子,只要稍作推敲就会发现它不够简练:
[例一]“新种的成熟期比旧种的要早熟半个月。
[例二]“资本的去向总是往利润率最高的地方流去。"
这句话重复了两个“去”字,不够简练,按修辞应该省掉一个,而说“资本的去向总是往利润率最高的地方流
”或者把两个“去”字都省掉,而说“资本总是流向利润率最高的地方
”这就是修辞上“用词简练"的法则
在这一方面,英语和汉语是一致的。
2) 对待“避免重复”问题
.,
但是,英语和汉语毕竟是两种不同的语言,它们在如何对待词语重复的问题上是基本一致的,但又不完全一致
比如在某些相同的语境中,有些词语英语要省略,而汉语却要重复
这就是翻译中必须慎重处理的问题。例如名词词组中心词的重复:
We
mus revise
our safety
and sanitary regulations
.
(我们必须修改我们的安全规则和卫生规则。)
The use
of
atomic weapons
is
a clear violation
of
international law,
in
particular,
of
the Geneva Convention.
(使用原子武器显然违反国际法,特别是违反日内瓦公约。)
名词修饰语的重复:
We need materials which can bear high temperature and
pressure.
(我们需要能够耐昂温耐两压的材料。)
I
identify
myself as one
of
the critical lovers and loving critics
of
the United Nations.
(我自认为是批吁联合同的爱护者,又是爰护联合国的批评者。)
介词的重复
Despite
his versatility
of
talent and shiftiness
of
purpose, this man has
in
his whole lifetime
been wedded
to the
most
fossilized
routine.
(尽管他有随机应变的本领,尽管他的主张反复无常,但他终生都是极端墨守成规的。)
The
solid friendship between
our
two countries took shape during
our
protracted
struggles
against colonialism,
hegemonism, and
outmoded relationships.
(我们两国之间牢固的友谊是在反对殖民主义、反对霸权主义、尽对过时的国际关系的长期斗争中形成的.)
谓语动词的重复:
Reading exercises
one's
eyes; speaking,
one's
tongue; while writing,
one's
mind.
(阅读锻炼人的
主意力,说话锻炼人的口才;写作锻炼人的心志。)
The decision to
deploy
a ballistic missile defense system
depends
primarily on
cost,
eliability
and
capability
of
the phased-array radar rather than on other technological
factors.
(部署弹道导弹防
御系统的决策,主要取决千相控雷达的造价、可靠性和性能,而不是取决于其他技术因素。)
宾语/介词“宾语”的重复
Work
with, and not against
nature.
(要顺应着自然规弅行事,而不要违反自然规律。)
He is
good
at
analyzing and solving
prob/ems.
(他善于分析问题和解决问题。)
谓语的重复
You can
do
it
very well, if you care to.
(你如果愿意担宅做得很好,你就能把它做得很好。)
Thales
thought
water
was
the beginning
of
everything; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.
(泰利斯认为水是万物之戊;阿那克西术尼认为容年是万物之源,赫扛克利特认为水是歹物冬改。)
在英语中,为了避免重复,除用省略外,还可用替代词或指代词来取代某些词语。但在相同的语境中,汉语往往不能用替代词或指代词,从而必须重复某些词语。例如:
She
doesn't
smoke, but her husband
does.
(她不抽烟,但她的丈夫抽烟。)
A: Do you think Mary
will
come with us?
B:
I think
not.
(我想她不会。)
在以上两例中,
does
not分别是动词替代词和分句替代词,而在汉语译文中却无法使用替代词,只能按照汉语的习惯重复英语中被替代或指代的词语。又例如:
Water evaporates
more
rapidly when the temperature
is
higher
than
when
it
is
low.
(温度高,水蒸发快;温度低,水蒸发慢。)
Translation
from English into Chinese
is
not as easy
as
that
from English into French. (英译汉不如英译法那样容易。)
Radar is
a newly developed technique by
which
people can see things beyond the visibility
of
them.(雷达是一种新开发的技术,利用雷达人们能看到视线以外的东西。)
We have advocated the principle
of
peaceful co-existence,
which
is
now
growing
more
and
more popular
among
the
nations
of
Asia and Africa.
(我们提倡和乎共处原则,这个原则现今在亚非国家中正日益深得人心。)
There is a feeling
of
responsibility
by
parents
for
their
children's
welfare, that is, they feel
they should
help them to make a
new
start
of
life
in
order
that
they
may
care
for
them
in
the future.
(父母亲对于女的幸福怀有一种责任感,总想帮助于女翻开人生的新页,以便将来能得到子女的眷顾。)
在以上最后一例中,指代词
(their,
they,
them)
先后出现了6次。由于汉语的指代词没有主格、宾格、属格的形态变化,如果按原文直译,势必会引起指代关系的错乱
,所以按照汉语的习惯重复某些词语是完全必要的。

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