加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:名词前置修饰语与名词后置修饰语
(2020-07-17 15:30:14)
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365名词前置修饰语后置修饰语 |
关千名词词组中的修饰成分，主要有前置修饰和后置修饰，限制性修饰和非限制性修饰，以及同位语和分隔修饰、转移修饰等问题。
前置修饰语和后置修饰语
名词修饰语按其在词组中与中心词的相互位置分为前置修饰语
(premodifier)
和后置修饰语(postmodifier)。前置修饰语包括一切出现在中心词之前的修饰成分，这些成分主要由形容词或形容词词组、名词或名词词组、
-ing
分词或
-ed
分词实现。例如：
some
intelligent
students
some
intelligent college
students
some
very intelligent medical college
students
在上述第一例中
intelligent
直接修饰中心词
students;
在第二例中，
college
直接修饰
students,
a bunch of
red, white,
yellow roses
=
a bunch of
red
and
white
and
yellow在这里，
red,
white,
yellow
都是直接修饰
roses,
从而这三个前置修饰语是在同一层次上，含义是“一束红玫瑰、白玫瑰和黄玫瑰”。
后置修饰语包括一切出现在中心词之后的修饰成分,能充当后置修饰语的语法结构主要是介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句、某些前置修饰语的补足成分
(complementation)
以及某些较长的形容词词组。例如：
the students
outside the classroom
the students
standing outside the classroom
the students
who were standing outside the classroom
as
many
students
as
could
be
gathered outside the classroom
as
big
as
a
hen's
egg
a student
intelligent enough to
answer
the challenging question
前置修饰语和后置修饰语有着一定的转换关系，在许多情况下，这种转换并不影响名词词组的意义。例如：
a
moderate-sized
building
=
a building
of
moderate size
a
good-mannered
man
=
a man
of
good
manners
apple
seeds
=
the
seeds
of
an
apple
a radio
programme
=
a
programme
a
twelve-year-old
boy
=
a boy
of
twelve
i
a boy
who
is
twelve
years
old
the
many times
repeated
warning
=
the
warning
which
has
been
repeated
many times
在现代英语中有一个明显的倾向，这就是前置修饰语用得越来越多，也越来越长。例如：
the
far-and-wide discussed new
product
a
dearly
paid
for
mistake
those
well nourished
and
well
brought
up
children
a
never
to
be
forgotten
day
his
never-too-old-to-learn
spirit
(活到老学到老的精神）
six
do-nothing
months
(无所事事的六个月）
a
do-it-yourself
tool
(自便工具）
由上述诸例可以看出，用前置修饰语往往可以节约用词，所以这种现象最常见于报刊文字
(journalistic
I'd like to read something
interesting.
Is
there
Anybody
intelligent
can do
it.任何聪明的人都能做到。
某些较长的形容词词组以及非限定分句、关系分句等通常也都只能后置。例如：
I'd like to take a
room
less expensive than this
one /
She has five children
to
look
after.她有五个孩子要照顾。
The man
who
painted
that picture
is
a real artist. 是那个人画的画，他是个真正的艺术家。
有些以
-able
Every
available
fire-engine
/ Every
fire-engine
available
was rushed to the scene.
This is the finest
obtainable
cloth
/
the
finest
cloth
obtainable.
但是有些以
able,
-ible
结尾的形容词，其前置或后置在语义上略有区别。例如：
the
visible
stars
/
the stars
the
navigable
river
the
passable
roads / the roads
passable
在这些名词词组中，形容词
visible,
navigable,
passable
前置表示永久意义，而后置则只表示暂时意义。有时，形容词的前置或后置会在语义上产生很大的差别。例如：
This
is
the
proper
way
to
get
into
the
city
proper.
在这里，
the
proper way
=
the
right
way,
the
city
proper
却相当于
the
city
itself 。
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