章振邦语法英语句子汉译:第三种类型条件句IF-TypeIII

标签:
365第三种类型条件句1 |
第三种类型条件句(Type
III)
Type III是非真实条件句
(unreal conditional)
的一种
所谓“非真实条件”,在语义上包含着不同程度的“非真实性”
这种类型的条件句也可分为基本形式和变体形式。
1)
第三种类型条件句的基本形式
第三种类型条件句的基本形式是
(If)
simple
past/
were
+ (Main)
would,
etc+
inf
例如
[1]
If
we
caught
the
10
o'clock train,
we
would
(could,
might,
etc)
get
there
by lunch-time.
[2]
If
I
came
into
a fortune,
I would
give
up
working.如果我发了财,我就放弃工作。
[3]
If
I
knew
how
it
worked, I
could
tell
you
what
to
do.
这三个句子
,在if分句中动词都用一般过去时,主句动词都用
would,
could,
might,
etc
+不定式。三个句子在语法形式上虽然相同,但由于出现在不同的语境和上下文中,其条件实现的可能性就有程度的差别。
l) If 分句 所表示的条件在说话人看来实现的可能性不大,但还是有可能的,比如说话时间巳是九点多钟,尚未动身,因而不大可能赶上十点钟火车,也不大可能在吃中饭以前到达
if-
分句表示的条件。
If I came
into a
fortune
显然是一种主观腮想,几乎不可能实现
if-
分句所表示的条件。根据上下文显然与现在事实相反,从而根本不可能告诉对方做些什么。下面再举数例。
If
you
asked
me
tomorrow,
I
would
(或
should,
但以用
would
较为普通)
be
able
to
give you
the answer.
He would / could
make
good
grades
if
he
didn't
get
nervous.
He would / could
/ might
visit
us
if
he
were / was
in
town.
If
Richard worked
hard
next term,
he
would
be
able
to
pass
the
examination
这种句型的动词形式还可根据语义意图采用进行体形式。例如:
If
we
were
on
holiday
now,
we
'd
be
having
a
wonderful
time.
If
I
were
looking
for a j ob
now, I'd
read
the
advertisement
columns
every
morning.
2)
第三种类型条件句的变体形式
例如: If
we
were
to
miss
the
10 o'clock
train,
we
wouldn't
get
there
till
after lunch.
If
our
train were to arrive punctually,
we
should
have
time
to visit
you
sister.
这个变体形式的动词搭配关系是:
(If)
were
to
+ inf+
(Main) would,
etc
+
inf
要注意表示非真实条件的
were
to
与表示“义务"
(obligation)
am / is
/
are
to, was
/ were
to
的区别。试观察:
If
he
were
to
get
in
touch
with
me, I
could
explain.
=
Supposing
he
got
in
touch
with
me,
..
.
(非真实条件)
If
he
was
to
get
in
touch
with
me,
why
hasn't
he
done
so?
=
If
the
arrangement
was
that
he
should
get
in
touch
with
me,
why
...
?
(表示“义务")
Type
III
的另一个变体形式就是在
if-
分句中用
would+不定式,
表示不大可能实现的”意愿"。例如:
If
you'd
cook
the
dinner, I'd
do
the
washing-up afterwards.
这种非真实条件句与上一节讲到的
Type
II
的第三种变体形式同形异义。在这里,
would
表示一种不大可能实现的”意愿",而在
Type
II
的第三种变体中,
would
所表示的”意愿"仅带婉转口气,并无不大可能实现之意。这种意义区别只有在一定上下文中才显示出来。