加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:若干语义相关从属连词用法
(2020-06-26 21:22:56)
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若干语义相关从属连词之用法
从属连词中
，有些是语义相关的，比如都可以引导时间状语或原因状语
本节将就以下两组连词的用法作一些比较。
a) when, while. as, before. after,
until
等的用法比较
这一类从属连词都可引导时间状语，但在具体用法上，有些可以交替使用，有些又有所不同
本节将从表示“同时性”、“先时性”、”后时性”等语义意图方面，对它们的用法作一些比较说明。
第一，表示同时发生的事态
两个事件的发生在时间上没有先后之分，或者说没有明显的先后之分，这就是我们在这里所讲的同时(same
time)
这有以下几种情况。
两个同时发生的事件，如果不是一次性而是重复性，即过去或现在的习惯动作，连词可用
when,
When
he goes to town, he
(always)
visits
his aunt.
She
(always)
felt
ill
when
she ate oyster.
这里的
when
意为“每当...
…的时候”，相当于
whenever:
Whenever
he goes to town, he
visits
his aunt.
She
felt
ill
whenever
she ate oyster.
在上述两例中，不管是用
when
还是
whenever,
主句动词和时间状语分句动词或者都用一般现在时，或者都用一般过去时，分别表示现在或过去的习惯动作
when
I
whenever
的上述用法可以和
if
交替使用。例如：
If he
goes to town, he brings
us a present.
=
When /
这里的
The
wind
blew hard
when
the rain poured down.
While
I read, she sang.
在这里
blew,
poured,
read,
sang
都表示持续性动作
，前后都用一
距丈去时，有时也可前后都用过去进行体。比较：
I
was
cooking the dinner
while
he
was
playing
the
piano.
=
I
cooked
the
dinner
while
he played the
这两句意义基本相同，只是用过去进行体更加突出事件的持续性。若要强调两个事件的延续时间正好相等，可用
as
long
as
。例如：
He worked
as
long
as
we
played.
The children
were happy
as
long
as
the game
continued.
两个同时发生的事件，如果都无延续性，连词可用
when.
as
soon as,
just
as, the
instant,
the
The dog
barked
when
it
heard
She informed her husband
as
soon
as
she arrived home.
The instant
I
saw
him, I
knew
he
was
my
lost brother.
She knew he
wasn't
an Englishman
the
moment
he began
to speak
English.
I'll tell you
directly
he comes.
Tell me
immediately
you have any news.
当然也可以用
hardly /
I
had
hardly
left
when
the
quarrel
started.
The doctor had
scarcely
got into bed
when
he
was
called out again.
We
had
no
sooner
sat down
than
we
found
it
was
time to
go.
上述三例均可用倒装词序。
Hardly
had I left
when
the quarrel started.
Scarcely
had the doctor got
into
bed
when
he
was
called out
again.
No
sooner
had we sat down
than
we
found
it
was
time
to
go.
如果甲事件发生在乙事件的过程之中，通常是乙事件有延续性;
I
broke a glass
while I
was
cooking
the
dinner.
The
waiter spilled
I read
a
newspaper
while I
was waiting
/ waited.
I met Mary
as
I
was going
/ went
home.
有时也可用
when
引导无延续性事件的分句。例如：
I
was
cooking the dinner
when I
broke a glass.
I
was
going home
when
I met
Mary.
不过，这时
when-
分句不同于时间状语分句，而是相当于一个并列分句。
I
was
cooking the dinner,
and
at
that time
I broke a
glass.
I
was
going home,
and
at
that time
I met
Mary.
第二，表示先时和后时发生的事态
先时性
(earlier time)
和后时性
(later time)
指两个连续发生的事件在时间顺序上有先后之分，这时就要用
before,
after,
till
I
unlil,
when,
since
等连词（或介词）来表示。例如：
Before
he eats, he washes his hands.
She looked both ways
before
she crossed the road.
He
watches
television
after
he does his homework.
After
he painted the
windows, he painted the
doors.
before /
Before
he eats,
he
washes
his
hands.-+
When
he has washed
his
hands,
he
eats.
After
he painted
the
windows,
he
painted
the
doors.
-+
When
he
had
painted
the
windows,
he
由此可见，
when,
after,
before
在表示先时性和后时性方面有着一定的语义联系，如果也把 till/until考虑在内，有时相同的内容能用多种不同的方法表示。试观察下列诸例。
When
I reached the station,
the train
had left.
I reached the station
after
the train
had
left.
The train had left
before
I reached the
station.
I didn't reach the station
until
(after) the train had left.
由于
before
/
after
的词汇意义关系，在上述诸例中主句和
before /
I
reached the
station
after
the rain
left.
The
train
left
before I reached
the station.
when=
after
时，它所引导的时间状语分句有时也可用一般过去时替代过去完成体:
When
the
teacher (had)
left the room, the children started talking.
We hurried
because/for
it
was
getting
dark.
也可表示“间接理由“，即对说话人为何持此看法说明理由
It
must be very late,
because/for
在这里，
because- /
It must be very late, and I
claim
it
because /
言下之意，我之所以作此推断，是因为街上巳经没有行人了。从以上意义来看，连词
for，
第一，作为原因状语，
because-
分句位置比较灵活，既可位于主句之前．也可位于其后。例如：
The doctor looks tired and sleepy
because
he sat up all
night with the patient.
Because
he sat up
all
night
with
the patient, the doctor looks tired and sleepy.
在这里，如果用
for-
分句，其位置便比较固定，只可位于主句之后：
The
doctor
第二，由
because
引导的原因状语分句可单独用来回答
why-
问句，而
for-
分句不可以。例如：
- Why does the doctor look
so
tired
and sleepy?
—Because
he sat up
all
night
with
the patient.
The doctor looks tired and
sleepy
simply
because
he sat up
all
night with the patient.
The doctor looks tired and
sleepy
not
because
he isn't feeling
well,
but
because
he sat up
all
night
第四，作为原因状语，
because-
分句可作分裂句中心成分，也可用以回答why-
问句，而
for-
分句不可。例如：
It
is
because
he
sat
up
all
night
with
the patient that the doctor looks tired and
sleepy.
Why are
但是，当
because-clause
for-clause
不是表示直接原因，仅是作补充说明，两者便可以换用，而且只能位于主句之后，在口语中有停顿，在书写中用逗号分隔。
The days are short,
because/for
it is
now December.
It
was very
late at night,
because/for
there was
no traffic
in
the streets.
When I
saw
her in
说明二，在
because,
since,
as
这三个从属连词中，以
because
语势最强，
since
次之，
as
又次之。because
通常表示“新信息”，即表示一种未知的原因，而
since/
as
则表示已知原因。所以，如前所述，在回答
why-
问句时要用
because-
分句，而不用
for-
分句，同样也不用
since- /
所述，在
because-
分句之前可用否定词或其他修饰语，这种分句之前还可用某些并列连词，但
for-
分句不可以，同样地
since-/
as-
分句也不可以
关于这一点，我们再补充数例：
I
went
to the state university
chiefly because
the
tuition
was
cheaper.
She didn't
want
to go to Africa,
probably because
the weather is too hot.
I'm going there
tomorrow
because I have to,
not
because
I
want
to.
I dislike those expensive
hotels,
not
because
I cannot afford their material comforts,
but
because
I
由于
since- /
As
Chile
is
a long, narrow country, the
temperature
varies
considerably
from
north to
south.
Since he had a certain talent
for
当然
since-/
as-
分句也可位于句尾，作为一种补充说明。例如：
I'll have to ask someone else, since
you
can't
answer
He
saw
her,
as
they were
both getting off the bus at the same time.
c)
原因状语分句还可由
in
that, inasmuch as,
now
that
seeing
that
等复杂连词引导。例如：
I'm
in
a slightly awkward
position
This machine differs from the other one
in
that
it
is more powerful.
Now
that the new regulations have come into force, there are far fewer
accidents on the roads.
Now
that John
is
poor and
unfortunate, his friends have left him
in
the lurch
(舍弃了他）．
We can't expect him to know the story seeing that he
hasn't
got the
book.
Seeing that
you
live next door to Mrs Blake,
you
ought to be able
to recognize
her.
Double
sessions
(分两批上课）
were
instituted inasmuch
as
the school
was
crowded.
I am
ready
to accept your proposal inasmuch
as
I believe
it
to be the best
you
can
offer.
在口语中，
seeing
that
now
that
中的
that
可以省略。例如：
What are you
going to do seeing that
Now that I'm here, I'd
better
seeing
that
的含义相当于
in
view of the fact that,
有时可与
since
/
as
/
now
that
互换使用。例如：
Seeing that /
Now
that /
now
that
具有原因和时间双重概念，既可用于现在时间也可用于过去时间表示同时性：
We are
happy
now
that everybody
is
present.
Now
that she could drive, she felt
independent.
至于
in
that,
d)
原因状语分句还可由
on
the ground(s)
that,
for the reason
that,
by reason
that,
for fear
He refused
to disclose
what
had been told him,
on
the
ground
that
it
would
be a breach
of
She
is
suing
for divorce
(提出离婚诉讼）
on
the grounds that he deserted
her
He cannot be
charged
for
murder
for
the reason
that
he
was
not
there when the crime
was
We decided against
installing new heating
apparatus
for
the reason that
it
would be too costly.
Wine
is
scarce
here
by
reason
that
is
prohibited.
We succeeded
by
reason that
we are
better organized.
He
is
working
hard
for
fear
that he should
fail.
She didn't walk
far
for
fear
she would get
lost.
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