加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译：不定式与形容词的搭配
(2020-05-07 18:03:08)
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365不定式与形容词的搭配不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑宾语 |
不定式与形容词的搭配关系
亨利高兴地得到这个消息。
亨利很高兴,因为听到了这个消息。
玛丽容易教。
很容易教玛丽 。
这些衣物容易洗。
这些衣物洗起来容易。
容易的是洗这些衣物。
她不满足于平平静静地生活在小镇上。
约翰很高兴地得到了这份工作。
我惊讶地看到了生气在他那里的体现。
我很愿意你弟弟跟我来。
那个问题难以回答。
回答那个问题不容易。
难以回答的是那个问题。
这家具重，搬不动。
这家具太重，会搬部动。
这些书很容易卖掉。
这些书很卖得很容易。
衣服洗起来容易。
容易的是洗衣物。
乔治极易生气。
他很迟钝，少有反应。
他反应迟钝。
他行动犹豫不决。
SVC
结构中，不定式结构能与形容词搭配构成形容词词组作主语补语。带有这种形容词词组作主语补语的句型由于形容词的不同类别而在“深层结构"
(deep structure)
上（即意义上）呈现复杂的情况。
[1]
Henry
was
happy
to
hear
it.
相当于：
Henry
was
happy
when /
because he heard
it.
[2] Mary
is
easy
to
teach
相当于：
It
is
easy to teach
Mary.
[3] The clothes are easy
to wash.
相当于：
The clothes
wash
easily. /
由上述诸例的“深层结构”可以看出，
[l]
主句主语同时也就是不定式结构的逻辑主语；
[2]
主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语；
[3]
主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语，或者是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，须视具体上下文而定。现在分别就这三种情况介绍
”形容词＋不定式”的意义和用法。
1)
主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语。
能用于这种搭配关系的形容词都是一些动态形容词
(dynamic adjective)
,
大体可分为四类：
a) 表示喜怒哀乐的形容词+不定式
He
is
glad
to help
others.
We were sorry
not
to
be
there.
She wasn't content
to live
a quiet
life
in
a small town.
John
was
very pleased
to
be
given
the
job
I was surprised
to
see
how angry he was.
b）表示运气好坏的形容词+不定式
He was lucky
to find
it.他很幸运，找到了它。
She
was
unlucky
to
spoil
it.
He
was
fortunate
to
escape
being
injured.
c)
表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词＋不定式
He
is
anxious
to
see
her.
He
is
not
very
keen
to think
about
it.
I'm
determined
to finish
the
work
tonight.
We
are ready
to
make
the attempt.
如果主句主语不是不定式结构的逻辑主语，就得用
for
将不定式的逻辑主语引出。
I'm quite willing for
your
brother
come
with me.
I'd be afraid
for
d)
表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词＋不定式
He
is
foolish
to
meet
he
again.
She
was
careless
to
break
the cup.
They
were thoughtful
to
come
home
early. 他们想到了要回家早点。
She
was
stupid
to
make
such a mistake.
You
are kind
to
say
so.你真好，能说这些。
这类句子都可以转换为It-句型。
It
is foolish
of
him
to
meet
her
again.
It
was
careless
of
her
to
break
the
cup.真是不小心，她打碎了杯子。
It
was
thoughtful
of
them
to
come
home
early. 想得 很周到，他们回家很早。
It
was
stupid
of
her
to
make
such a mistake.真是愚蠢，她还犯这样的错误！
It
is
kind
of
you
to
say
so.
2)
主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语。
这里有两种清况
：一是能以不定式结构作主语并能转换为先行词+结构。
That
question difficult
to
answer可以转换为：To
answer
that question is difficult.
能用于这种结构的形容词通常都是一些静态形容词
(stative adjective)。
This
car
is
expensive
to
overhaul
Duck's
legs are nice
to
eat.
That book is interesting
to
read.
Dirty
water
is nasty
to
drink.
A tractor is useful
to
have
on a farm.
She is pleasant
to
talk
to.
The
river is
dangerous
to
bathe
in.
This bed is comfortable
to
sleep
on.
That
place is exciting
to
visit.
另一种情况是，不能以不定式结构作主句主语，因而不能用先行
it
句型予以转换。
The
coffee is
bitter
to
taste.
They're
both very attractive
to
look
at.
These
oranges are very
tasty
to
eat.
The
grass
is
very smooth
to
walk on.草地好光滑，好走。
This
map
is
clear
to
read.
以上诸句都不能以不定式结构作主语。
x
To
taste the coffee is
bitter.
x
To
look
at
them
is
very
attractive.
如果要意译的话，可以说：
You will feel
that the coffee is bitter
when
you taste
it.
When
you
look at them, you'll find they both
very
attractive.
上述这种“形容词＋不定式”结构在一定上下文中往往带有否定含义。
The
river
is
narrow
to
sail
up.
= Ships
can't
sail
up
the river,
because
is
narrow.
这条河很窄，不能向上航行。
船不能逆水航行，因为太窄了。
The
furniture
will be heavy
to
move.
=
The
furniture will be
too
heavy to move.
这种否定含义与
narrow,
heavy
这类形容词本身的意义有着密切的关系。
The
furniture is
light
to
move.
家具很轻，可以移动。
那就没有否定含义了
3) 某些形容词＋不定式结构”作主语t语的歧义现象。
“有些形容词＋不定式结构＇作主语补语，其主句主语在深层结构上既可以是不定式的逻辑主语，同时也可以是不定式的逻辑宾语，从而引起歧义。
These
books are
easy
to sell.
=
These
books sell
easily. = It is easy to
sell these books.
The
clothes are
easy
to
wash.
=
The
clothes
wash
easily.
The
chicken is
ready
to
eat.
此句中的
to
eat 既可表示主动意义，也可表示被动意义
；句子的主语
the
chicken
既可以是
to
eat
的逻辑主语，也可以是
to
eat
的逻辑宾语。
[1]
The
chicken is ready.
The
chicken eats. 这鸡准备好了，（鸡）可以吃东西了。
[2]
The
chicken
is
eady.
Someone
eats the chicken.
这鸡准备好了，（人）可以吃鸡了。
按照[l],
原句应理解为＂鸡准备吃东西”
；按照(2],
原句应理解为“鸡可以吃了＂
此类歧义现象都是由easy, ready
之类形容词的意义所致。在类似的句式中，如果更换了形容词，其深层意义可能又是另外一种情况。
George
is
quick
to take offence
(生气）
=George
takes offence
quickly.
He
is slow to react.
=
He
reacts
slowly.
He
was
hesitant
to
take
action.=
He
took
action
hesitantly.
在以上三句的深层结构中
，形容词变成了副词
；原来的“主一动一补”结构变成了“主—动—状”
结构。
凡此都说明词的意义和句子结构的相互制约的关系。
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