加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:动词不定式的形式和用法
(2020-05-04 09:07:46)
标签：
365不定式不带to不定式带to不定式 |
如前所述，英语动词有三个非限定形式，即不定式
(infinitive)
-ing
分词
(-ing participle)
-ed分词 （-ed participle)。非限定动词某些用法问题包括非限定分句
(non-finite clause) 。
不定式的结构形式
不定式通常由不定式符号
to+
动词原形构成，因此，不带
lo
的不定式便与动词原形同形。
1)
不定式的一般形式、进行体和完成体形式
不定式不带”时"
(tense)
的标记，也不受主语“入称"
(peron)
和“数"
(number)
的制约，但有“体"
(aspect)"态"
(voice)
的形态变化。不定式可以是一般形式
(to
write),
进行体形式
(to
be
I
have a lot
of
work
to
do.
我有好多工作要做。
She had no need
to
be
worrying.
她没有必要担心。
He
is
said
to have left
Shanghai. 他呀，听说已经离开了上海。
The
president
was reported
to have been flying
across the
Atlantic. 总统呀，据报道，一直在飞越大西洋。
不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加
not,
never
等否定词。
We decided
not
to
buy
that house.
She
wished
never
to
see
him again.
She
was
told
not
to
be
worrying
any
more.
I
understand
him
not
to have
left
here.
不定式的被动态是由 to
be+
-ed
分词或
to
have
been
+
-ed
分词构成。
The
matter
to
be
discussed
at the meeting
is
a hard nut to crack. 那个问题会讨论，会上会，真像是个硬核，难破呀。
They
were
all
waiting
for the
gate to
be
opened.
He
is
sure
to have been taught
by a good musician. 他呀，可以肯定，所接受的教育当中，有过优秀的乐师。
I
am sorry
for the
article
not
to
have
been finished
in
time.很抱歉这篇文章没有及时完成。
2)
to
不定式与不带
to不定式
不定式分为带
to
不定式
(to-infinitive)
和不带
to
不定式
(bare infinitive) 。不定式通常带
to,
但在某些搭配中不带
to,
在另一些搭配中既可带
to
也可不带
to。
a)
和情态助动词
在情态助动词之后用不带
to
不定式。
You
must
do
as you
are told.
边际情态助动词
(marginal modal auxiliary)
有所不同
例如 need 作情态助动词后跟不带
to
不定式，作主动词后跟带
to
不定式。
We
needn't
stay this evening.
(作情态助动词）
We
don't need to
stay
this
evening.
(作主动词）
Need
we stay this evening?
(作情态助动词）
Do
we
need
to
stay
this
evening?
(作主动词）
又例如
dare
作情态助动词后跟不带
to
不定式，作主动词其后不定式通常带
to,
也可不带
to。
I
daren't
go
there.
(作情态助动词）
I
do not dare
to go there.
(作主动词）
Does he
dare
(to)
go?
(作主动词）
b)
It's sure
to
ain. 它肯定会赢。
Have
you
got
to
go to the dentist's
today?
You'd
better
have that bad
tooth pulled
out. 你最好把那颗坏牙拔掉。
I
happened
to be
out
when
he called. 我碰巧不在家时他来过电话。
c)
在情态成语之后
would
rather / / cannot
help but
(不能不，不得不）等情态成语
(modal idiom)
之后跟不带
to
不定式。
I'd
rather
not have eggs and bacon for
breakfast.
I'd
sooner
stay at
home.
I
would
as
soon
do
it
by myself.
Since
it's
a fine day
we
might
as
well
walk.
We
could
not
but
weep
at
the sad
news.
You
can't
help
but
respect
them.
would
rather / would
sooner / would
(just)
as
soon
之后也能跟
than-
He would
rather
listen to
others
than
talk himself.
He
would
sooner
play
than
work.
I would Just
as
soon
stay
as
go.
d)
rather
than / sooner than
之后
rather
than 与
sooner
than
同义，前者多见，均作“宁可 …而不“解释
置于句首时，其后跟不带to
不定式。
Rather
than
cause
trouble,
he
left.
因为不愿惹麻烦，他走了。
Sooner
than
marry
that man, she
would
earn her living as a
waitress.
rather
than
/ sooner
than
出现在句中其他位置时，其后不定式既可带
to
也可不带
to:
He decided to write
rather
than
telephone.
The
manager
believes it
is
important to invest
in
new
machinery
rather
than
to increase wages.
e) 在“主动词＋主动词“固定塔配中
这里，第二主动词指的就是不带
to
不定式，这类搭配常见的有
mak
believe
(假装），
make
do
Let's
make
believe
we
have a million dollars.
We
hadn't
time
for luncheon,
but
we
made
do
with sandwiches.
They are not rich, but they
make
do
on
(靠..
·维持生活）
what they have.
He
let
fall
a hint
of
his
intentions.
Don't let
go
(of)
the handle.
Make that dog
leave
go
of
my
coat.让那条狗别靠近我的外套。
The girl
let
slip
that
she
had been a witness
to
the accident.
We
mustn't let
slip
such an opportunity.
John
let
fly
a torrent
of
abuse at me.
I've
heard
tell
of
him.
这类搭配间或也能有被动态
The
chance
was
let
slip.
间或也能分开。
f) let,
make,
have
等使役动词＋宾语”之后用不带
to
不定式。
We
can't let
this
go
on.
I
will
not
let
my
children
be
treated
in
that way.
Let
there
be
an end
of
this misunderstanding.
I
don't
know
how
she
makes
the money
go
round.
Abbey
made
him
stay
to tea.
He
won't
have
us
criticize
his work.
当使役动词为被动态时，不带
to
不定式转为带
to
不定式：
John made
her tell
him everything.
----+
She
was
made
to tell
him
everything.
g)
在“感觉动词＋宾语＇之后
"see,
hear,
observe,
notice, feel,
watch
等感觉动词＋宾语”之后用不带
to
不定式。
Oh, Robert, I
didn't
hear
you
say
that.
The two boys
were
sorry indeed to
see
him
go. 两个男孩很难过地看着他离开。
They
didn't
observe
Christine
come
in
and
go
upstairs.
I
watched
him
eat
his
breakfast.
We
feel the
house
shake.
"look
at /
listen
to+
宾语”之后也能用不带
to
不定式。
Look
at
that boy
jump!
Do
you like
listening
to
other people
talk?
上述动词为被动态时，不带
to
不定式转为带
to
不定式。
They
saw
him
enter
the
building.----+
He
was
seen
to
enter
the building.
h)
"have
known +宾语”之后
这里的
know
以完成体形式出现，含义是“看过、听过＂，其宾语之后用不带
to
不定式
例如：
I have
never
known
(=
seen) that man
smile.我从未见过那个人微笑。
Have
you
ever known
(=
heard) him
tell
a
lie?
是被动态
，则用
to
不定式
That
man has never been known
to
smile.那个人从来没有笑过。
i) 在help或“help+宾语”之后
All this has
helped to raise
farm
yields
steadily.所有这些都有助于提高农业产量。
Can I
help (to) lift
this heavy
box?我能帮忙抬这重箱子吗？
I'II
help
you
solve
it.我会帮你解决。
You
may as well
help
me
to
get
things
straight. 你还不如帮我把东西摆整齐。
J) 在介词 except/ but之后
They did nothing
except
work.
There's
no choice
but
to wait.
类推在
SVC
句型中，如果主语部分有动词
do
的某种形式
则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to, 也可不带
to。
What he
will
do
is
(to) spoil
the
whole
thing.
所有他要做的都是坏事。
All
you do now
is
(to) complete
the form.
所有你要做的就是去填表。
The
only
thing
I
can do now
is
(to)
go
on by
myself.
有一件事情我能够做: 全靠自己。
The
thing
to do
now
is
(to) clear up
this
mess.
The
least
I can do
is
(to) drive
everybody
else
close
to
the issue.
最难做的是把大家的思想集中到这个问题。
k） 在 why或why not之后
Why 或
Why argue
with him? 为什么争论要找他呀？
Why
not
give
Mary some flowers?
在口语中
不带
to
不定式还常
于其他
些习惯用法。比如在
come
和 等动词之后可接不带to不定式。
Go
post
(=
Go
and
post)
a letter for me.
去发送信件是为了我。
I
must
go
telephone
(=
go and telephone)
我应该去拨打电话。
Come
look
(=
Come and
look).
来看呀！
Come
have
(=
Come and have)
a chat
with
me.
回家来，聊天，陪陪我！
Try
eat
(=
Try and eat)
a little.
尽量吃点吧！
I'll try
help
(=
try and help)
him. 我会尽力帮助他。
又例如，
在某些带有感情色彩的简短话语中间或也用不带
to
的不定式作谓语动词。
Me
borrow
money
from
him!
Him
ask
her
for
help!
上述结构中也可用
不定式
Me
to
borrow
money
from him. 我向他借钱。
To
ask
her for help!
喜欢
0
赠金笔