加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:情态助动词的推测性用法和非推测性用法
(2020-05-03 19:43:01)
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365推测性用法非推测性用法情态助动词 |
情态助动词的推测性用法和非推测性用法、＿＿＿
如前所述，情态助动词往往一词多义。我们可以把情态动词表示的意义归纳为“推测性"
(epistemic)
和“非推测性
(non
epistemi
)
两类。
He
couldn't
stay
there
yesterday.
他不能待在那儿的时间是昨天。
He
couldn't
be
serious.
他
可能不是当真的。
We
must
be
careful.
我们必须小心谨慎。
He
must
be very
careless 他一定是粗心大意。
上述各组第一句中的情态助动词是指现实清况，属于“非推测性用法”。各组第二句中的清态助动词指的是说话人的主观看法，属于“推测性用法”。
1） 推测性用法情态助动词
，能作推测性用法的情态助动词有九个，即表示“可能”的
might
/
/ would
以及表示“必然”的
should
/ ought to
/
must
这九个情态助动词实际上是表示各种不同程度的可能性，按可能性程变的高低可以分成三档：第一档是表示“可能”的
might / may
/
/
2）
a) 其后的不定式可以用完成体形式。
You
must
have
thought about
that.
You
must
have
been
disappointed.
b)·其后
He
must
be
working late at the office.
He
must
be
calling tonight.
He
must
have
been
dozing.
c) 可以用于there存在句
There
must
be
some mistake.
There
must
have
been
some mistake. 一定是弄错了。
d)
其后的不定式为一般形式（即非完成体或进行体形式）时通常是静态动词。
He
must
be
there. 他一定在那儿。
He
must
understand
that
we
mean
business. 他必须明白我们是认真的。
e)
主语可以是表示无生命物的名词词组。
It
must
be
George.
3) 能作推测性用法的情态助动词与所指时间
He
must
be there.
=
I'm
sure
(that） he is there.
Our team
might
win
the race.
=
It
is
possible
that
our
team
will
win
the
race.
He
must
be
working
late at the office.
=
I'm
sure
that
he is
working
late at the office.他一定会加班到很晚，地点是办公室。
He
must
be calling
tonight.
=
I'm
sure that
he
is
calling tonight.
情态助动词之后的不定式若为完成体形式，
表示过去时间。
He
He
must
have
gone.
=
I'm
sure that
he
He
may
have
come
last
year.
=
It
is
possible
that
he came last
year. 他可能来的时间是去年。
至于何时采用现在完成体又何时采
一般过去时予以意译 （paraphrase)
,
需视上下文而定。上述第二句由于有过去时间状语
last
year,
在意译时就只能用一般过去时，不能用现在完成体
不定式完成进行体的意译也有两种清况。可以是现在完成进行体
，也可以是过去进行体，需视上下文而定。
They
can't
have
been
waiting
so long.
=
I
can't
believe
that
they
have been
waiting
so
long.
He
must
have
been
dozing.
=
I'm
sure
he
was
dozing.
他很可能 是在打瞌睡。
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