加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译假设意义表示法:直陈语气与虚拟语气
(2020-04-23 14:20:02)
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365虚拟语气直陈语气语气 |
讲到假设意义表示法就要讲到“虚拟式”又叫“虚拟语气"
(subjunctive mood)
那么，什么是mood
呢？(Mood),
又译作“语气”，是个语法范畴，它是区别说话人以何种口气说话的动词形式，是陈述事实，还是发出命令，还是虚拟假设？因此英语动词便有
种表示不同口气的动词形式：陈述式
(indicative mood)
、祈使式
(imperative mood)
和虚拟式
(subjunctive mood)
。
[1]
He
goes
to church every Sunday.
[2]
Don't
be late for school.
Go
to
school
at once.
[3]
Mother insisted that he
go
to hospital at
once.
在以上三例中，主动词
go
在句[l]
中属于陈述式，在句
[2]
中属于祈使式，而在句
[3]
中则属于虚拟式陈述式，传统译作“陈述语气”，广泛用于陈述事实或就事实提出询问，通常用于陈述旬
(statement)和疑问句
(question)
,
可以说95%
的英语旬子用的都是陈述式动词，而陈述式是不带语法标记的祈使式，传统译作“祈使语气”，是说话人向对方提出要求、下达命令、发出指示／劝告等所用的动词形式
这种动词形式与原形相同，只有当它出现在一种特定的句型中，才带有＂祈使式”的语法标记。
Sit
down, please. 上座，请！
Take
a 10-minute break
now.
Don't
walk
on the grass. 别践踏草地。
Don't
write
in
your book.
Let's
rest
for a
while.
Let's
not
watch
TV
tonight.
虚拟式，传统译作“虚拟语气”，是专门表达“假设意义"
(hypothetical meaning)
及其他“非事实意义"
(non-factual meaning)
的动词形式
现代英语表达上述意义的语法手段是多种多样的，比如我们可以采用陈述式的一般过去时、过去进行体和过去完成体来表达。
It's time
we
had
a
rest. 是时候休息了。
I
was wondering
if you would
let me
use
you
car.
How
I
wish
I
had
gone
there
with you!我真希望当时去那里的还有你！
还可采用情态态助动词的过去时形式加动词不定式或不定式完成体。
I should / would
be
there
by now if I had started
earlier.
He
would
have
been
there by now if
he
had not missed
the
train.
也可综合使用上述诸种语法手段。
If it
snowed
tomorrow, the match
would
have
to
be
put
off.
If the
teacher
had
caught
them
cheating,
she
would
have
been
furious. 如果老师当时发现了他们作弊，就会大发雷霆了。
If
it
had
not
been
for
me,
you
would
not
be
free now.
传统语法把上述能表示假设意义的语法手段统称为“虚拟语气”，以致“虚拟语气”在较老的语法书中被搞得很复杂，给教学带来诸多困难。但这并不符合现代英语的实际情况。在现代英语中，“虚拟式”，作为专门表达假设意义的动词形式，仅是古英语
(Old
English)
遗留下来的一点残余，它只有两种形式，即were-
型虚拟式和
be-
型虚拟式。
I
wish I
were
young
again.
但愿 我能年轻一点。
If
I
were
you,
I
would
not go
there.
If
he
be
found guilty,
his membership
(会员资格）
shall be suspended.
It
is
essential
that
he
recognize
his
faults
. 基本原则是他承认自己的错误。
were-
型虚拟式只有
were
一个词项，
be-
型虚拟式则是与原形同形，这两种虚拟式都只有在特定的语中才带有“虚拟式”的语法标记由此可见，现代英语并没有复杂的
mood
系统，所以在编写教学语法时，我们对
mood
不必多所着墨。
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