加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:假设意义语法手段
(2020-04-24 08:10:47)
标签：
365假设意义表示法 |
现代英语表示“假设意义”的语法手段
如前所述，现代英语表示“假设意义”（又叫“非事实意义")的语法手段是多种多样的
此种意义可以用一般过去时和过去完成体表示；也可以用情态助动词和半助动词的过去时表示；当然也可以用一种专门表示假设意义的动词形式-虚拟式（即传统语法所谓的“虚拟语气")表示。
1)
用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义
用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义常见于以下结构
a) It is time that...
It
is time we
went
to bed. 是时候就寝了。
You've
been
working
hard. It's
time
you
took
a rest.
It
is time
we
had
dinner. 是时候 吃晚饭了。
It
is
about
time
you
made
up
your mind.
是时候下决心了。
It
is high
time you
lent
her a
hand. 是时候帮她一把了。
It
is high time we
left
this
place. 是时候离开这里了。
b) I would rather / sooner (that)
you /he/
they
.. .
I'm told they are going by bus, but I
would
rather they
went
by
train. 我听说他们会坐公共汽车，但我宁愿他们会坐火车。
She
will
get home at
dinner
time,
but I
would rather
she
got
home a little earlier.
I'm sure he
is
keeping something back. I'd
rather
he
told
me the truth.
肯定他在隐瞒什么。我宁愿他告诉我真相。
He didn't attend the meeting. I
would
rather
he
had
been
present. 他没有参加会议。我宁愿他出席了。
She
got drunk last
night.
I'd
rather
she hadn't drunk so
much.
她醉酒是在昨夜。我宁愿她没喝那么多酒。
They offered me this expensive
wine,
but
frankly I'd rather they
had
offered
me some beer.
c)
if
If only
I
knew
her address. 好想知道她的地址啊！
If only I
had
enough money
with
me. 好想有足够的钱带在身上！
If only he
didn
't
drive
so
fast. 好想他不开这么快啊！
If
only
I
had
gone
by taxi. 真想当时乘坐的是出租车呀！
If only he
had
remembered
to buy
some
fruit. 真想 他当时没有忘记买些水果！
If only
she
had
listened to
my advice.
真想她当时听了我的劝告呢！
d) ... as
if /
as though
..
He behaves
as
if he
owned
this place. 他表现得很像已经拥有了这块底盘。
He
ordered
me about as if he
was / were
my boss.
他呼来唤去地待我，好像我的老板！
We remember the accident vividly
as if it happened
only
yesterday.
She was sitting quietly
in
the garden as
if /
as though nothing
had
happened
to
her.
The
woman
talked eloquently about the accident as though she
had
witnessed
the
whole
thing.
They are staring at me as if
I was /
She
looked as if she
had had
some bad
news.她看上去好像有了什么坏消息。
as
if
/
as
though
结构中的动词形式通常决定于说话人的语义意图。
I feel as if I
was / were
going
to faint. 我觉得好像会晕倒。
I
feel as
if
I
am
going
to faint. 我感觉自己在晕过去。
这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义
就不必用过去时形式。
It
looks
as if it
is going
to rain.
天看来好像在下雨．
It
seems as if we
will
have
to
go
home on foot.
The fish smells as
if
it
has
gone
bad.
The apple
tastes
as if it
is
sour.
这苹果味道有点酸。
e) I wish (that)
…:
I wish (that)
I
didn't
have
to
go
to work
today. 但愿我不要上班的时间是今天。
I
wish (that)
I
was / were
a bit taller.
真想个子要能更高一点．
I wish
you
were coming
with
me, Peter. 希望你来陪陪我，彼得。
I
wish
I
hadn't
said
that.
I wish
I
had
brought
a
map
with
me.
真希望当时我带上了地图。
She
wishes
she'd
never
got
involved
in
the
whole
affair.
她真想从来就没有卷入过此事。
I
wish
the
sun
was shining
at this moment.
I
wish I
hadn't
eaten
so much last night.
以上都表示与现在事实或过去事实相反的主观愿望,
如果要表示对将来事态的主观愿望，通常用某些情态助动词的过去时形式，此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委婉的劝告。
I
wish
you
wouldn't
smoke
in
public places.
I
wish you
would listen to
your
teacher's
advice.
I
wish
I
could
do
something for you
in
return.
How
I
wish
she
might
lend
him a hand!
多么希望她会帮他一把！
l
wish /
hope
都表示“希望＇，但
hope (that)
..
并不表示假设意义
，随后的动词形式除表示婉转口气外,很少用过去时形式。
I hope
you
are
ready.
I
hope
you're
coming
to
our
party.
I hope you
can
do
something to help her.希望你能帮上她。
I
hope
the weather
would
be
favourable.
动词的过去时形式还可用在非真实条件句中表示假设意义。
2)
用情态助动词的过去时形式表示假设意义
用情态助动词的过去时形式表示假设意义最常见于条件句
(conditional) 和含蓄条件句
(implied
conditional)
以及某些特定的语境。
a)
用于条件句
If I were you, I
would not
miss this opportunity.
If he be found
guilty,
he
would
be sent to
prison.如果他被判有罪，他将被送进监狱。
If he were here,
I would
explain
to
him myself.
If the patient
should
vomit, turn him over with his head to the side.
如果病人呕吐，将他翻个身使其头部向着侧面。
If you
should
change your mind, do let me know.
你如果改变主意，务请让我知道。
I
should
be much obliged if you
would
lend me the
money.我将不胜感激，如果你借给我这些钱。
If
I
knew
her address,
I
would
have written to
her.如果我知道她的地址，我会写信给她。
If
it
had not been
for
me,
you
would
not be free now.如果当时不是我，你的自由就不是现在了。
If
he
hadn't
missed the morning train,
he
would not have been late for the meeting.
If
he
should
refuse to appear
in
court, he
might
be held
guilty. 他如果拒不出庭，也许会被认为有罪。
If
he had brought a map with him, he
wouldn't
have got lost.
b)
用于含蓄条件句
But for your help, I
couldn't
have achieved anything.
要不是你鼎力相助，我不可能有所成就。
Anyone
who
should
violate the law
would
be punished.
无论何人只要违法就会受罚。
In
different circumstances, I
might
have agreed. 如果在别的情况下，我或许已经同意了。
This
same
thing,
happening in wartime
(=
if it should
happen
in
wartime),
would
amount
to
Born
in
bette
times
(=
if
he had been born
in
bette
times)
,
he
would
have done credit to the
Left to itself
(=
If
it
had been left to itself), the country
would
long have achieved its unity.
To look at him
(=
If
you were to look at him), you
would
think him a young man.
你如果看到他，还会以为他是年轻人。
Another half
hour and
all
the people
there
would be killed.
=
If another half hour should pass,
all 如果再过半小时，所有人，在那里的，就都已经死了。
c)
用千其他语境
That she
should
forget
me so quickly
was
rather a shock.
她竟会忘我会这么快，真令人震惊！
There's
not
the
remotest
possibility
of
anyone's
calling upon me, and
that
I
should
call upon 不可能有人来看我, 我也不可能会去看别人。这种事梦里也不会有。
That
I
should
see a college student arrested
for
stealing! 我竟然看到一大学生因偷窃被捕呀！
Oh that I
could
see him
again
Would that
she
could
see
her
son
now! =
If
only
she
could
see
her
son
now!
Would
that
the
flood might
never
come
again! 但愿这洪水决不会再来一次！
To think
that
he
would marry
such
a
nasty
woman!
想想看，他竟要娶这种下流女人！
To think
that
he
should
have
deserted
his
wife
and
children!
Who would
have
thought
that
things
should
come
to
such
a tragic end!
Who would
have
thought
the
man
living
next
door should
be
a
hidden terrorist!
The
door
was
pushed
open;
who
should
come
in
but
the
woman
they
were
talking about.
He
stepped
into
a
cave
and
what
should
he
see
but a
tigress
with
her
baby
tigers.
表示假设意义，除以上两种大量使用的动词时、体形式外，还有两种专门表示假设意义的特殊动词形式，即
be-
型虚拟式
(be-subjunctive)
were-
型虚拟式 (were-subjunctive)
这两种形式仅是古英语(Old
English)
遗留下来的虚拟式的残余，而且只有在特定语境中才带有“虚拟式”的语法标记。
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