加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:被动结构和被动意义
(2020-04-22 08:18:37)
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365被动结构被动意义主动语态 |
被动结构和被动意义
1)
英汉被动意义表达法
在被动意义表示法方面，英语和汉语有类似的情况。
"据估计”、”据报道”、“众所周知”、“必须指出”等。
It is
said
that
the
workers
all
regarded
him
with
sympathy.
据说工人们待他都很有同情心。
It
is
reported
that
the
Federal
Government
refused
to
provide
the
funds.
据报道联邦政府不肯提供资金。
It is
known
to
all
that
these
islands
have
always
been
under
Chinese jurisdiction.
(众所周知，这些岛屿向来归中国管辖。
It
must
be
pointed
out
that
China is a developing country
and
will
always
take
sides
with
the
Third
Pan is said 姓潘的据说是个走私者。
The
losses
caused
by
the
flood
are
estimated
to
have
exceeded
$5,000,000,000.
汉语有一种不出现主语的句子
，英语通常都可用被动结构来表达。
城里又办起了
一所大学。
In the city is another
newly extablished
昨天抓到了一个特务。
Yesterday a spy was
caught.
c.f. Yesterday they caught a spy.
汉语有一些以主动结构表示被动意义的句子，英语也有类似的情况。
铁路在这里分为两条线路。
这种料子容易销售。
但有时汉语能用主动结构表示被动意义，英语却要用被动结构。
你的来信已经收到. Your
letter
has
been
received.
新图书馆将提前竣工. The
new library will
be
completed ahead
of
time.
主动结构表示被动意义的问题
英语里有些动词能以主动结构表示被动意义。这类动词通常都是既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，当它们作为不及物动词用于
SV(A)
结构中时，往往含有被动意义。这里有两种情况：一种情况是用这类动词的进行体（主要是现在进行体）表示被动意义，这种句子的主语通常都是指物的，而且可以转换为相应的被动结构。
The house
is
building. =
The house
is
being built.
The book
is
printing. =
The book
is
being printed.
The dinner
is
cooking.
=
The dinner
is
being cooked.
The cakes
are
baking.
蛋糕在烘烤中。
The magazine
is
binding.
杂志在装订中。
The
tea
is
brewing.
茶在冲泡中。
The ship
is
fitting up.
船在装备中。
这类结构是早期英语遗留下来的用法，常见于日常用语以及某些行业的专门用语另一种情况是用这类动词（最常用的是一般现在时）表示被动意义，这类句子的主语（也是指物的居多）通常具有某些内在的特征，能够促使动词所表示的动作得以实现或难以实现。
Browning's
plays don't
act.
布朗宁戏剧不适于上演。
Tomatoes bruise easily.
西红柿很容易碰伤。
This
belt doesn't buckle.
这根腰带不好扣。
My
voice
doesn't
carry
well.
我的声音传不远。
Enamel
wares clean
easily.
据瓷器皿弄干净不难。
This box
doesn't
These apples
cook
well.
这些苹果烹煮很顺。
This metal
cuts
easily.
这种金属容易切削。
The pipe
doesn't draw well.
这烟斗不大畅通。
Nylon dries quickly.
尼龙织物干得快。
This material
doesn't
dye
well.
这料子染不出好效果。
It
eats well.
这东西吃起来味道好。
Damp wood will
not
fire.
潮湿的木头烧不着。
This
wheat
grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。
The brake
does
not
grip properly.
刹车不灵。
This car handles
well.
这辆车好驾驶．
Damp clothes iron easily.
湿衣烫平不难。
Will
this
meat
keep
till
tomorrow?
这肉能放到明天吗？
The flat lets for 500 dollars a month.
这套公寓房月租金500
美元。
The match lights easily.
这火柴容易划着。
The
door won't
lock.
这门锁不上。
The cow milks
well.
这头牛出奶率高．
These
books pack easily.
这些书包装容易。
These potatoes
peel
easily.
这些土豆削皮容易。
Ripe apples pick easily.
熟了的苹果采摘容易。
This poem
reads
well.
这首诗读来顺口。
His
voice
records
well.
他的声音录制效果好。
That
play
screens
badly.
那个剧屏播不好。
His
new novel
sells
well.
他的新小说销路好。
The window
won't
shut.
这窗关不上。
Some kinds
of
wood
split
easily.
有些木材劈开容易。
Some kinds
of
food soon
spoil.
有些食品很快就会变质。
This linen
cloth
stains
easily.
这种麻布弄脏容易。
This
paper tears
easily.
这种纸撕扯容易。
This cloth
washes
well.
这布洗涤效果好。
This
material
won't
wear.
这种材料不耐久。
The
drawer 这个抽屉无法打开。
以上这些句子一般都不能转换为被动句，如果变为被动句，句子的意义就改变了。
His novels
don't
sell.
他的小说没有人要。
His novels
are
not
sold.
他的小说没有买掉。
The middle house
won't
let.
中间的房子租不出去。
The middle house
will
not
be
let.
中间的房子不出租。
She
does
not
photograph
well.
她不上照。
She
has
not
been
photographed
well.
她的相没有照好。
上述各组第一句都取决千主语（指物或指人）的内在特征：小说销路不佳，根源千小说本身的质量问题；房子租不出去是由于房子本身有缺点；一个人不上照，也是由于本人的内在特征。至于每组第二句的含义则是取决于外在的因素，即取决千一个没有表示出来的施动者：小说没有卖掉，可能与小说本身无关，问题在于出版商没有把它销售出去；房子不会出租，可能因为房主自己要住；她的相没有照好，可能与她本人无关，毛病在摄影师的技术，没有把照拍好。所以这类以主动结构表示被动意义的句子不可以简单化地用被动句来取代。
3)
被动结构与系补结构
被动态是助动词
be+及物动词的
-ed
分词构成，但这并不等于说凡是
be+及物动词的
-ed分词结构都是被动态。英语中有些
-ed
分词能作形容词用，当它们与主动词
be
连用时就构成通常所谓的”系补结构”，也就是ed
分词作主语补语。
I
am
(very)
annoyed
with him.
我最烦心的是他。
I was annoyed
by mosquitoes
all
night.
我被蚊子闹了整整一个晚上。
I
am
(very) interested
in
chess.
我很感兴趣的是下棋。
I
was interested
by what you told
me.
使我很关注的你告诉了我。）
I
am
(very) surprised
at your behaviour. 令我大为震惊的是你的行为。
I
was surprised
by a knock at
the
door. 使我吃惊的是有人敲门。
在以上各组旬子中，第一句均为系补结构，第二句却是被动结构。作为被动结构，它们都有相应的主动句。
Mosquitoes
annoyed
me
all
night; What you told
me
interested me; A knock at the door
surprised
而系补结构没有:
在被动结构中，助动词除
be
外还可用
get
取代，而在系补结构中，主动词除用外，还可用
become,
feel, look,
seem,
remain
等其他连系动词。
He
is
tired.
他累了。
He
looks tired.
看来他很累。
He
seems
tired.
他似乎很累。
He feels tired.
他感觉好累。
被动结构表示的是一种动作，而系补结构表示的却是一种状态。
He
was
dead
drunk.
他烂醉如泥。
He is
easily excited.
他容易激动。
The doctor told him that he
was run down.
(医生说他身体太哀弱了
She could
not
get a loaf anywhere; every shop she
went to
was
sold
out.
He's
not the writer he was. People are beginning to say that he
is
played
out.
His
parents
disapproved
of
the people he was
mixed
up
with.
He
is
bound
up
in
his work.
他埋头于他的工作。
Her room
was choked
up
with
useless old furniture.
她的房间塞满了无用的旧家具。
I'm
fed
up
with
your grumbling.
我听够了你的怨言。
Peter
and
Susan
seem
to
be
cut
out
for
each other.
彼得和苏娜看来是天生的一对。
在系补结构中，
-ed
分词巳具有形容词的性质，因而能接受
very
等副词的修饰，也能有比较级形式，而动结构中的
分词不可以。
This question is
very, very complicated.
He
hasn't
said a
word
about the plan;
he's
terribly
buttoned
up.
He
was
badly
cut
up
at
the news
of
his
son's
death.
I'm
afraid we can't even
offer
you a seat
in
the balcony,
sir,
we're
fully
booked
up.
He must
have
been
completely wrapped
up
in
his thoughts.
China's agriculture is
getting
more
and
more
mechanized.
系补结构中的
-ed
分词既然已经形容词化，往往有其固定的介词搭配关系．而且这个介词通常不是
by,
Conditions here are not
what
she's
accustomed
to.
条件这里的很不好，她怎能习惯。
He is
addicted to
alcohol.
他嗜好喝酒。
He is
bent
on
mastering English.
他专心致志于学好英语。
His shoes
were caked with
mud.
他的鞋沾满了烂泥。
I'm
tired
of
boiled eggs.
我吃厌了煮蛋。
Water is composed
of
hydrogen and oxygen.
水是由氢氧化合而成。
We
are
all
concerned
for / about
her
safety.
我们都在担心她的安全。
He
is
engaged
in letter
writing.
他正忙于写信。
We
were astonished
at
the news.
我们大吃一惊地听到了消息。
The English language
is
allied to
the German language.
英语的语系类似于德语。
最后还要提一下
get+
-ed
分词的问题，英语动词的被动态还可由 get+
分词构成，但是，
get+
分词可以是被动结构，也可以是系补结构，而以后者更为普通。
Your
argument
gets
a
bit
confused
here.
你的论点混乱之处在此。
They
getting
bogged
down
in
all
sorts
of
problems.
他们面临的是各种问题。
You'll soon
get
accustomed to
the
change
of
climate.
你很快就会适应这里的气候。
You
know
how
choked
up
he
gets
about
that kind
of
thing.
你要知道，他多么厌恶那种事情。
People
will
soon
get
tired
of
you if you behave that
way.
人们很快就会讨厌你行为不检点。
被动句在语篇中的应用
在一般的说明文、记叙文以及文学作品中，主动句的出现率是很高的，有时几乎不见被动句
但在科英语中，由于科技英语重在说明科学事实，不必指明施动者，从而被动句就用得比较多。
Oil，
we
see,
is
obtained more easily than coal. Men must dig coal from a mine,
but
oil
rushes If gas
will
be
obtained. This
may blow out
of
the well with not
controlled. Such gas can be sent through pipe to distant towns, and
used, like
A heart
attack was
simulated in
animals
by
clamping a major branch
of
the coronary for
three hours and then releasing the
clamp .
Before the
other half none.
In
periods
of
up to two weeks later, the hearts
of
both the treated and within
the
minute
vessels
of
the heart muscles.
In
the animals receiving the
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