加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:主动句与被动句
(2020-04-21 21:17:35)
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365主动句被动句语态 |
主动句与被动句
以主动态动词词组作谓语动词的句子或分句叫做“主动句“，而以被动态动词词组作谓语动词的句子或分句
做“被动句＂
在主动句
中，
主语是动作的施动者，而在被动句中，主语则是动作的承受者即受动者。
'John
helped
Peter.
约翰帮助过彼得。
Peter
大多数的
SVO
SVoO,
SVOC
结构的主动句都可转换为相应的被动句。
a)
All
the six senators signed the
bill
(法案）
.
----+
The
bill
was
signed
by
all
the six senators.这项法案的签署者是所有六位参议员。
b)主动句有情态动词或半助动词
They should
do
the
work
at
once.--The
work
should
be
done
at once.
They must
have
finished
their work. - Their work must
have
been
finished.
He
is
likely to
let
you
down.
----+
You are likely to
be
let
down.
Beginners are apt to
make
such mistakes.
----+
Such mistakes are apt to
be
made
by beginners.这种错误最容易出现的是初学者。
c) 在SVoO结构中，信息差异影响结构。
Father gave me a watch.
I
was given
a watch.
(保留直接宾语）
A
watch
was
given
to me.
(保留间接宾语）
They offered him
some
assistance.
He
was offered
some assistance.
(保留直接宾语）
Some assistance
was offered
(to) him.
(保留间接宾语）
当间接宾语作为保留宾语后置时，其前须带介词，此类介词除
to
以外，还应根据上下文选用其他介词。
Mother
has
made me a
new
dress.
Mother
has made a
new
dress
for
me.
He had to cook himself meals on Sundays.
He had to cook meals
for
himself on Sundays.
He asked me a
question.
He asked a question
of me.
We bear him no
grudge.
We bear no grudge
against
him.
Will
you
play me a game
of
chess?
Will
you play a game
of
chess
with
me?
Would you play
(演奏）
us some folk songs?
Would
you play some folk songs
for
us?
d)
如果主动句是SVOC结构，动词主动态变被动语态的宾语补语变成主语补语。
We
have painted the windows
white.
The
windows
have
been
painted
white.
They elected Tom monitor
of
the class.
Tom
was elected
monitor
of
the class.
e)
多种因素决定词汇选择：
"Hamlet" was
written
by
Shakespeare.
Susan was cheated
by
David.
有时为了避免中途变更主语，不得不用被动句而把施动者置于
by-
词组中。
He arrived at London where he was met
by
his
friend.
The picture was painted
by
a very
good
friend
of
mine whom
I'd
like
you
to
meet
sometime.
f)
并非任何一种主动句和被动句都可以相互转换，这首先与动词的类别有密切关系，比如
own和have
都可表示所有关系，但前者可用千被动句，而后者不可以。
Bob owned a house
in
the city.
Bob had a house
in
the city.
还有一些类似
have
(作“有“解）的静态动词通常也都没有被动态。
This quiet little room becomes (适合）
me perfectly.
This plane
holds（能容纳）
about 150 people.
These students
lacked
(缺乏）
experience.
She resembles
({象）
her
sister in appearance
but not
in
character.
The colour
of
the dress
doesn't
suit (适合）
her.
当主动句的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，这种主动句也不可以变为被动句，因为反身代词和相互代词通常不可以作主语。
He hurt
himself
when he fell from the ladder.
We should help each other.
有些旬子貌似
SVO
结构，其实不是，从而也不能变为被动句。
The medicine soon
took
effect.
The plant
will
soon take
root. 这种植物很快就会生根。
在这里，
take
effect
(生效）和
take
root(生根）都是词组动词，相当于一个不及物动词，当然没有被动态，还有一些句子貌似被动句，其实不是，当然也没有相应的主动句。
He
is
gone.他走了。
The moon
is
risen now.
They
are
finished.他们完了。
这类句子实际上是一种完成体结构。
He
has
gone. 他走了。
The moon
has
risen now. 月亮升起来了。
They
have
finished. 他们已经完了。
但这只适用于少数几个动词，当然也有少数动词通常只以被动态出现，而不用主动态。
She was
born in
Shanghai.
She
is
reputed to be the best singer
in
Europe.
正因为
born 和 reputed
通常不以主动态出现，所以在有些英语词典中已被划归形容词。
2)
被动句型特例
在英语中，有一种主动句可以转换为两种被动句型。
People believe that he
is
ill.
It
is
believed that he
is
ill.
(I) 听说他病了。
He
is
believed to be
ill.
(II) 他听说是病了。
为了便于叙述，我们把上述第一种被动句型叫做被动句型
I,
而把第二种叫做被动句型
II。当句型
转换为句型
II
时，句型
II
的不定式结构形式取决于句型
that-
分句的动词形式 。
a) that-
分句谓语动词为表示将来时间的
will-
结构或现在进行体时。
It
is
thought that he
will come.
It
is
thought that he
will
be
coming.
It
is
thought that he
is
coming.
句型
II
的不定式结构一律转换为进行体形式，即
to
be+
-ing。
He
is
thought to
be
coming.
但若句型
的主句主动词为
expect,
句型
II
的不定式结构通常用一般形式，不用进行体形式。
It
is
expected that he
will
come.
He
is
expected
to
come.
b)
that
分句谓语动词为表示现在时间的一般现在时时，句型
II
的不定式结构用一般形式。
It
is
thought that he
drives badly.
He
is
thought
to drive
badly.
如果
that-
分句谓语动词为表示现在时间（段）的现在进行体，句型
II
的不定式结构用进行体形式。
It
is
believed that he
is
working
hard. -
He
is believed
to
be
working
hard.
c)
that-
分句谓语动词为表示过去时间的一般过去时或现在完成体时。
It
is
believed that he
came.
It
is
believed
that
he
has
come.
句型
II
的不定式结构均转换为完成体形式，即
to
have + -ed。
He
is
believed
to
have
come.他呀，听说已经来了。
如果
that-
分句谓语动词为过去进行体，那么句型
II
的不定式结构便用完成进行体形式，即
to
have
been
It
is
reported that he
was driving
carelessly.
-
He
is
reported
to
have
been
driving
carelessly.
以上处理方法同样适用于句型
that
分句谓语动词为被动态的场合，此时用不定式的被动态
to
be+
-ed
to
have
been
+
-ed
予以转换。
It
is
reported
that
the British
destroyer
has
been
sunk.
- The British destroyer
is
reported
to
have
上述两个被动句型能否相互转换，与句型
的主句主动词有关
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”、
”相信”等意义的动词，常见的有：
assume,
believe,
expect,
fear,
feel,
It
is supposed
that the ship has been sunk.
估计船已被击沉。
The
ship
is
supposed
to
have
been
sunk.
It
is
supposed
that the task force
is
getting reinforced. 估计特混舰队正得到增援。
The task force
is
supposed
to
be
getting reinforced.
特混舰队应该在增强实力。
It
is
supposed
that Linda
is
at a lecture at Cambridge.
估计琳达的讲座是在剑桥大学。
Linda
is
supposed
to
be
at a lecture at Cambridge.
但是，
be
supposed
to
作为半助动词，意为“应该＂，它不是
suppose
的被动态，从而不适用于以上规则。
3)
被动句的使用场合
a)
说话人为了把句子的语义重心放在事件本身而不必提到施动者时常用被动句。
These gigantic bridges
across
the Huangpu
River
were
built
in
the 1990s.
Hundreds
of
passengers
were killed
in
the crash.
Eight
hours
Everything
under
the sun
is
sold
on the bazaar from hairpins to camels.
b)
This book was
published
in
the 16th century.
This proposal was generally
considered as
not
very practical.
The
journalists
were
told
not
to
enter that area.
c)
为了明确强调动作执行者
Who
invented the telephone? -
It
was
invented
by
Graham
Bell.是谁发明的电话？-它是格雷厄姆·贝尔发明的。
How
was
the
dam damaged?
-
It
was
damaged
by
a
flood.
Why can't
you
do
it?
—This
is
forbidden
by
law.
d) 为了句法修辞的需要
Jack
fought Michael
in
the
men's
singles
(男子单打）
and
(Jack)
was
beaten.
The
word "plastic"
(塑料）
comes
from
the
Greek
word "plasticos"
and
is
used
to
describe
而有时则是为了上下句紧密衔接而采用被动结构。
He
visited
China's
northeastern provinces
in
1935.
Those
provinces were
being
overrun
by
the
有时主动句和被动句的使用完全取决于上文提示的语义意图，试观察以下两句。
The
rain
destroyed
the
flowers. 这场大雨毁坏了花。
The
flowers were
destroyed
by
the rain.
这两句话从语法结构上看是可以相互转换的，而且都是讲“雨打花落”的事情；但是从交际功能来看，在一定的上下文中只能用一种形式，而不能用另一种形式
在上述第一句中，句子的意义重心（即信息中心）the
flowers;
而第二句重心却在
the rain,
即前一句侧重在“花落”，而后一旬则侧重在“雨打＂。
前一句适合于这样的语境。
It
rained
heavily
last night.
The
rain
destroyed
the flowers.
而后一句则适合千：
A:
The
flowers are
all
gone.
What
happened to them?
B:
They
(The
flowers) were
destroyed
by the
rain.
由此可见，主动和被动结构的适当选用不能脱离上下文和具体的语境。
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