加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:被动语态
(2020-04-20 22:34:57)
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365被动句被动语态主动语态主动句 |
语态
(voice)是个语法范畴
，它是表示主语和谓语动词之间的主动或被动关系的动形式
英语动词有两种语态
主动态
(active voice)
和被动态
(passive voice)
当主语是施动者时，随后的动词用主动态
当主语是受动者时
随后的动词便用被动态。英语动词的主动态是没有语法标记的，而被动态则是有标记的，通常是由助动词
be
的一定形式加及物动词的
-ed
分词构成。
[1]
The
Dodgers
beat
the
Yankees.
[2]
The Yankees
were beaten
by
the
Dodgers.
[3] Millions of people
play
baseball
in
the United
States. 有数百万人打棒球的情况是在合众国。
[4]
Baseball
is
played
by
millions
of
people
in
the
United States.
由主动态动词词组作谓语动词的句子叫做主动句
(active sentence)；而以被动态动词词组作谓语动词的旬子便叫做被动句
(passive sentence)
,
如以上[2][4]
两例
主动态和被动态属于词法，而主动句和被动旬则属于句法。被动态动词词组也可有不同的时、体形式。
一般现在时
The boy
is
regarded
as
brilliant.
一般过去时
This book
was published
in
1998.
现在进行体
The
visitors
are
being
met
at the airport.
过去进行体
He told me
that the machine
was being repaired.
现在完成体
The car
has
been
tuned
up.
过去完成体
Last month, the new road
had
been
opened
to
traffic.
被动态动词还可有非限定形式，仍以主动词 play为例，它的不定式被动态的一般形式是
(to)
be
This
will
be
done immediately. 这事会完成得很快。
It
used to
be
done
this way.
The play is going to
be
produced
on three successive evenings.
These shoes
will
have to
be
repaired.
His
hair must
have
been
dyed.
It
can't have been
lost
in
the post, can it?
2)
GET-
型被动态
被动态还可由
get+
-ed
分词构成，叫做
get-
型被动态
(GET-passive)
。
It's
upsetting
when a person
gets
punished
for
The boy
got
hurt
on his way home from work.
Our
house
is /
The mail
has /
在情态助动词和半助动词之后，
get-
型被动态也要用不定式。
Do
you mind working nights?
You'll
get
paid
It
is
said that Charles
is
to
get
married.
但在否定句和疑问句中，
get
不能充当操作词
(operator)
,
须用助动词
do
的一定形式。
It
was broken. It
got
broken. 东西坏了。
It
wasn't
broken.
How
was
it
broken?
get-
型被动态和
be-
型被动态在基本语义上无甚区别
get-
型被动态通常只用于随常口语，通常强调动作
比如，常用来表示某些未曾预料的突发事件，或者用于
In
the
end,
Eventually,
He
got
caught
by the police driving at 60 kms through
Cambridge.
He
got
killed
by the bus.
In
the end he
got
invited.
3)
词组动词的被动语态
如前所述，词组动词有三种基本形式，即“动词＋介词”、“动词＋副词小品词”、“动词＋副词小品词＋介词“，当它们用作及物动词时，一般都可以变为被动态
这时，词组动词应视为一个单词及物动词，其后的介词或副词小品词不可略去。
a)
动词＋介词，如
look
after, look
into,
talk about。
The
children
are
well
looked after.
This matter
is
being
Other possibilities
were talked
about
at the
meeting. 其他可能性的讨论也上了会议。
b)
动词＋副词小品词，如
set
up , put
off,
bring
about。
When
was
the hospital
set
up?医院是什么时候建的？
The sports meet is to
be
put
off.运动会要推迟。
A new outburst
of
revolutionary enthusiasm
will
soon
be
brought
about.
c)
动词＋副词小品词＋介词，如
do
away
with,
face up
to,
put
up
with。
That sort
of
thing should
be
done
away with.
There's no running away from the facts;
they just
have to
be
faced
up
to.
Such a state
of
things cannot
be
put
up
with.
除上述三种词组动词外
，还有一种由“动词＋名词＋介词“构成的词组动词，如
take
care
of,
make a
We took great
His books were taken great
care of.
第二种形式是把词组动词看作“动词＋宾语＋介词词组”结构处理。
He took great care
Great care was taken
of
his books.
注意
：采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词组放到被动态动词的后面去。
They
had
made
a
mess
of
the house.
(主动句）
The house
had
been
made
a
mess
of
(被动句，第一种形式）
A
mess
had
been
made
of
the house.
(被动句，第二种形式）
4)
非限定动词的被动态
不定式和
-ing
分词也都可以有被动态
。
a)
不定式的被动态
I
am proud
to
be
thus chosen.
I hope
to
be
nominated.
It
was nasty for Mary
to
be
hurt. 真烦，玛丽受了伤。
To fetch
water
There
is
so much work
to
do /
b)
-ing
分词的被动语态
The problem
being discussed
is
of
vital
importance. 问题正在讨论，至关重要。
I
object
to
being
kept
waiting.
The workers were proud
of
their products
being
I insisted on
him /
不定式和
-ing
分词的被动态都可作动词宾语，有时意义相同，有时不同。
He
wants
to
be
invited.
He enjoys
being flattered.
He likes
to
be
consulted /
He forgot
to
be
photographed. 他忘了要拍照。
He
forgot
that he had to be
photographed.
He forgot
being
photographed. 他不记得拍过照。
He
forgot that
he had
been
photographed.
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