加载中…章振邦语法英语句子汉译:将来时间表达法
(2020-04-18 20:04:28)
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365将来时间将来时将来时间表达法 |
从现在角度表示将来时间
英语没有“将来时＇并不意味着英语没有表示将来时间的能力。恰恰相反，英语的将来时间表示法是多种多样的。
现代英语从现在角度表示将来时间可用以下多种形式
形式不同，意义和使用场合也不同。
1)
will / shall
+才定式
will/shall
本身是情态助动词，它们表示的情态意义多半带有“将来”的含义
在现代英语中，"will
+不定式”可用于一切人称的主语表示未来的事态，至于用
"shall
+不定式”表示纯粹的“将来”，仅用于英式英语的正式语体。
The next train to
Beijing
will leave
at 8 a.m.
If the crops fail, there
will
be
a famine.
You
will feel
better
after taking
this medicine. 会感觉好些，请服这些药。
He
won't
be
he
in
time unless he comes by
air. 他不会来得很及时， 除非他乘飞机来。
We
shall
know
the result
next
week.
I'm
sure
I
shan't
lose
my
way
in
the
woods.
Unless the taxi comes
soon,
we'll
lose
the
plane.
You
'//
fail
the test if you
don't
work
hard.
Do you think
it
will rain
tomorrow?
有时既表示将来，也含有“意愿"
(willingness)
或“意图"
(intention) 。
I
will
do
it,
if
you
like.
As the railway
is
not
yet
open to traffic,
we
shall
go
by
boat.
I promise to pay him back
in
time, but he
won't
lend
it
to me.
I'II
go
and
see
Tom as
soon
as I
get
to
Shanghai.
在疑问旬中
will /
Will
you 你在家的时间是今晚七点吗？
What
shall I
do
with your mail? 如何 处理你的邮件呀？
When
shall
we
see
you next?
2) will / shall
+不定式进行体／完成体
既然
"will/
The
train
will
be
arriving
at two o'clock.
I
shall
be
writing
to you soon.
He
won't
be
coming
to the
party
this evening.
I'II
be
telling
you
all
about
it
when
we meet
again.
Will
Will
I hope you
will
be
sending
her a message
soon.
You can use my bike.
I
won't
be
needing
it
tomorrow.
这种
"will /shall+不定式进行体”结构也可以表示将来某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作。
I'll
be
working in
Geneva during
May.
What
will
you
be
doing
this time tomorrow morning?
何事会让你忙在 明天早上这个时候？
如果要表示将来某一时刻之前业已完成的动作便可用
"will
/
shall+
不定式完成体”。
You
will have completed
the elementary English course by this time next
year.
I'II
have
finished
my
work
Before
The
snow
will have disappeared
before the end
of
March.
如果要表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在进行，便可用
"will
I
shal
不定式完成进行体”。
By
the
end
of
next month I
shall have
been
working
here for 20
years
exactly.
If it rains
again tomorrow, then
it
will have been raining
for a solid
week.
顺带提一下，"will+
不定式进行体"
,
"will+不定式完成体”和
"will+
不定式完成进行体”在一定语境中也可能并不表示“将来”，而仅表示说话人的揣测。
It's
already
six
o'clock.
He
won't
Hurry
up. They
will
be
waiting.
快点！他们会在等着呢。
He
will have received
my letter
You
will have
heard
the news, so I need not repeat
it.
They
will have been having
a holiday yesterday.
他们一直在度假，可能包括了昨天。
You'll
have
been
wondering
all
this
time how my
invention
works.
3)
be
going
to+
不定式这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“
意图”，即打算在将来做某事
。
Are
you
going
to
post
that letter by air
mail？ 你寄的那封信是航空邮件吗？
How
long
is he
going to
stay
here? 多长时间他打算逗留在这边？
We
're going to call
a meeting
to discuss
it.
He's
going to
be
a
doctor
be
going
to
表示“意图”的用法， 意图的体现者通常就是句子的主语，但也可能不是
。
The wall
is going to
be
painted
green
(=
We or
He's
not
going to cheat
me
again.
"be
going
to
+不定式”的另一意义是表示“预见＂，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。
I
feel
dizzy. I think I'm
going to faint. 我觉得头晕。我想会晕倒呢。
Good heavens! I must
hurry.
l'mg
oing to be
late.
Look
at these black clouds
-
there's
going to
be
a
storm.
George
is
putting on
weight.
He's
going to
be
quite
fat.
上述
"be
going
to
+不定式”表示“意图＇的用法有时可与
"will+
不定式”互换使用。
I
won't
tell
him about
it.
I
am
not
going to tell
him about
it.
但是，用
be
going to 表示的”意图＇通常是事先经过考虑的，而
"will
不定式”所表示的”意图”，则是说话时刻临时想到的，因此在某些语境中，这两种结构又不可以交替使用。
A:
Why are
you
taking down
all
the pictures?
B:
I'm
going to repaper
the room.
(在这里不用
will repaper)
A:
What
a terribly heavy box!
B:
I'll help
you to carry it.
(在这里不用
am
going to help)
4)
be+
-ing
(现在进行体）
这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词，如
go,
We're
leaving
on Friday.我们出发在周五。
The President
is coming
to the UN this week.
The plane
is
taking
off
at 5:20.
We're
moving
to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. 我们搬去另一家旅馆是在后天。
以上说的“安排”是指“肯定的安排＂，即说话时刻之前巳经决定了的安排。这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文也可表示最近即将发生的动作。
A:Where are
you
going?
B: I'm
going
for a
walk.
Are
you
coming
with me?
A:
Yes,
I'm
just
coming.
Wait for me. 好的，我就来。等我。
在现代英语中，有相当多的动态动词都可用现在进行体表示将来。
Dinner
is
ready.
We're
having
fish for
dinner.
He
is
writing
to
you
tomorrow.
I'm
spending
my
holidays
in
Switzerland this year.
Today I'm
showing
the
Hunts round Shanghai.
The new piano
is
being delivered
this afternoon.
Dannay
isn't
ffnishing
high school
until
next
year.
既然
''be+
-ing" 和"be
going
to
+不定式”都可表示现在巳经决定将做某事，这两个结构在某些语境中便可交替使用。
She is getting/is
going to
get
married
this
spring.
We
are having /
This afternoon
I
am
taking / am
going to take
my cousin
to
a
football
match.
但是，如果主动词为
come/ go,
在表示将来事态时，用现在进行体比用
be
going
to
结构更为常见。
We're
going
to
a concert tonight.
What time
are
you
coming?
用现在进行体表示将来时间有时还可带有其他情态意义。
I'm
not
sitting
on that hard seat
(=
I
won't
sit on that
hard seat).
You
're
not
staying
here any longer.
(=
I
won't
allow you to stay here any
longer.)
5)
be
to+不定式
这一结构的主要用法，一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
I
am
to have
tea with Betty this afternoon. 我约好了在喝茶时见贝蒂，时间是今天下午。
There's
to
be
an investigation.
Where
are
we
to
stay
tonight? 在 哪里可以度过今晚呀？
常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定。
The
Queen
is to visit Japan next
year.
The Prime
Minister
is to
speak
on television tonight.
二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。
You
are
to
stand
here. Do you understand?
Tell
her
The dictionary
is
not
to
be
had
here.这本词典不该放在这儿。
既然
"be
to
+不定式”以及现在进行体都可表示按计划、安排将要发生的事态，这两种结构便常常可以交替使用，但
"be
to+不定式”结构较常用于正式语体。
6) 一般现在时
用一般现在时表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语分句。
If she
comes,
I'll
tell her
all
about
it.
I'll
give it to you after I
return.
It
won't
be
long
before
the rain
stops.
Wait
here
till
the meeting
is
over.
在主句中用一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。
He's
in
all
day Sunday. 他在家的时间是整个星期天。
She retires
next month.
Tomorrow
is
Saturday.
The term
starts
on 23rd August. 新学期开始是在8月23日。
Next Christmas
falls
on a Thursday.
The train
leaves
at 7:30 this evening.
表示将来时间，一般现在时和现在进行体都常与表示位置移动的动词连用，而且都有按计划、安排的含义
但一般现在时所暗示的计划比较客观，因而更具有不可变易性，而且用一般现在时表示将来在口气上也比用现在进行体更为正式。
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