章振邦语法限定词英语句子汉译:限定词的表意功能

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365限定词的语意功能 |
限定词的表意功能:在名词词组中对中心词起特指或类指、定量或不定量等
(一)表示特指或类指
表示特指或类指,这是限定词最基本的表意功能 。 所谓“特指”就是专指特定的人或物 ; 所谓“类指 ” 就是泛指同一类的人或物 。 冠词 的用法最能体现这一特色 。 除冠词外,还有其他一些限定词也能表示此种“所指意义” 。
a) 限定词的特指用法
有些限定词本身就具有特指性质或在一定语境中能用于特指,分类举例如下 。
定冠词
The
prindpal is holding a meeting right now.
校长正在开会呢!
Is this the house to let? 是这座房子要出租吗?
物主限定词
What do you think of my
suggestion? 你怎样评价我的建议呢?
(一)表示特指或类指
表示特指或类指,这是限定词最基本的表意功能 。 所谓“特指”就是专指特定的人或物 ; 所谓“类指 ” 就是泛指同一类的人或物 。 冠词 的用法最能体现这一特色 。 除冠词外,还有其他一些限定词也能表示此种“所指意义” 。
a) 限定词的特指用法
有些限定词本身就具有特指性质或在一定语境中能用于特指,分类举例如下 。
定冠词
Is this the house to let? 是这座房子要出租吗?
物主限定词
What do you think of
Disasters
only toughen
our
people. 灾难中变得强大的是我们的人民。
名词属格
It was done on David's advice.这是成功的原因是听取了大卫的建议。
This is the old man's house.这就是那老人的家。
关系限定词
I told him to go to a doctor, which advice
he
took. 我叫他去看医生,这个建议他接受了。
This film is about a
spy whose wife betrays him.
It was done on David's advice.这是成功的原因是听取了大卫的建议。
This is the old man's house.
I told him to go to a doctor, which
疑问限定词
I wonder
Which
指示限定词
This steel is not hard enough for our purpose.这种钢硬度不够,达不到我们的目的。
Where did you
get these
tickets?
从哪儿弄到的这些票?
That argument of his
didn't convince anybody.
那种观点,肯定是他的,并没有说服任何人。
I have no idea who those people are.我不认识那些人。
We
had such awful
weather. 我们遇上了最糟糕的天气。
This was
such a new problem. 那可真是个新问题。
序数词
Smith and Brown are among the first arrivals.史密斯和布朗是第一批到达。
He
went to Beijing last
week. 他去北京是在上周。
His
next two books were published before
2000. 他后来两本书的出版还没到二零零零年。
This matter will be brought up at the next
meeting. 这件事会提交下次会议。
This steel is not hard enough for our purpose.
Where did
I have no idea who those people are.
序数词
Smith and Brown are among the first arrivals.
b) 限定词的类指用法
有些限定词能在一定语境中泛指同一类的人或物,这首先还应提及冠词以及其他相关的限定词。
The owl cannot see well in the daytime.猫头鹰看不清楚的时间是白天。
An owl
cannot see well in the
daytime. 猫头鹰看不清楚的时间是白天。
Owls
cannot see
well in the
daytime. 猫头鹰看不清楚的时间是白天。
My brother wants
to be a
lawyer. 我哥哥想当律师。
What size are your shoes?
哪种码子才是你穿的鞋?
I will
lend you
whatever book I have on this subject. 我愿意借给你,什么书都行,只要能研究这个主题。
(二)
表示定量或不定量
数词和擞词如果单独使用,在语法上相当千代词,如果出现在名词之前,在语法上便是表示定量或不定擞的限定词 。 带有这类限定词的名词词组也存在特指或类指的问题。
One or two hours of physical exercise a day will be helpful to your health. (类指)
What size are your shoes?
I
数词和擞词如果单独使用,在语法上相当千代词,如果出现在名词之前,在语法上便是表示定量或不定擞的限定词 。 带有这类限定词的名词词组也存在特指或类指的问题。
One or two hours of physical exercise a day will be helpful to your health. (类指)
能表示定量的限定词包括基数词、倍数词、分数词以及both, half, every, each等。
A cat has nine lives. 猫有九命。
The buyers want double their last year's quantities.
I saw both the boys at the cinema.
There are tall buildings on each side of the People's Square. 有高楼在人民广场两侧。
(三)
限定词的不定量用法
能表示不定量的限定词包括some, any, many , much , little, few , all, no, several, enough等 。
There is some milk in the fridge. 有牛奶在冰箱呀。
There are scarcely any flowers in the garden. 很少有花在果园里。
I did not meet many English people who can speak Chinese.我是没见几个英国人会说中文的。
能表示不定量的限定词包括some, any, many , much , little, few , all, no, several, enough等 。
There is some milk in the fridge. 有牛奶在冰箱呀。
There are scarcely any flowers in the garden. 很少有花在果园里。
I did not meet many English people who can speak Chinese.我是没见几个英国人会说中文的。
Did you have much
rain last summer? 雨水多的是去年夏天吗?
There is little change in his appearance. 没有什么变化的是他的外表。
There was only a little water left.只有一点滴水剩余了。
He
has few friends here; he lives
a
lonely
life.
他几乎没有朋友在这边;他过的是孤独的生活。
Could I have a few words with you?
我有事,可以问问你吗?
All roads lead to
Rome. 条条道路通罗马。
No two men have the same
fingerprint. 没两人会有同样的指纹。
He has published several books on thi s subject. 他出版的好几本书都是关于这个问题。
Do they have enough coal for heating
this
winter?
他们有足够的煤取暖过冬吗?
以上讲了限定词的特指用法、类指用法、定量用法和不定擞用法 。 必须指出,限定词的这些用法都是在一定的语境中实现的 。 脱离了特定的语境,便很难说什么限定词是特指或类指 , 比如定冠词既可特指 ,也可类指,但它只有出现在单数名词之前泛指一类的人或物,那才是它的类指用法。 又例如some , 当它用于非重读,表示“一些"的含义时才是表示“不定量”的限定词 ; 如果some重读便表示其他意义 。
There is little change in his appearance. 没有什么变化的是他的外表。
There was only a little water left.
Could I have a few words with you?
He has published several books on thi
以上讲了限定词的特指用法、类指用法、定量用法和不定擞用法 。 必须指出,限定词的这些用法都是在一定的语境中实现的 。 脱离了特定的语境,便很难说什么限定词是特指或类指 , 比如定冠词既可特指 ,也可类指,但它只有出现在单数名词之前泛指一类的人或物,那才是它的类指用法。 又例如some , 当它用于非重读,表示“一些"的含义时才是表示“不定量”的限定词 ; 如果some重读便表示其他意义 。