加载中…章振邦语法冠词英语句子汉译：类指、前照应特指后照应特指语境特指类指
(2020-03-23 20:20:05)
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365前照应特指后照应特指语境特指 |
(一）
冠词的类指用法
类指是表示类别，也就是泛指一类的人或物 。 不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能 。
比如定冠词与单数名词搭配，往往可起类指的作用，常用于正式语体。 例如 ：
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.伽利略说他发明了望远镜。
The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship and the steamship.
类指是表示类别，也就是泛指一类的人或物 。 不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能 。
比如定冠词与单数名词搭配，往往可起类指的作用，常用于正式语体。 例如 ：
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.伽利略说他发明了望远镜。
The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship and the steamship.
The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived.
The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 真善美不存，因为没有假恶丑。
The oppressed and the exploited wanted to free themselves from the oppressors.
An ox is a useful animal. 牛是有用的动物。
My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我哥哥威廉打算当律师。
用零冠词与复数名词或不可数名词搭配，同样可以表示一类的人或物 。
Doctors are badly needed at the front. 医生最缺的是前线。
Carrots are my favourite vegetable. 胡萝卜是我最爱的蔬菜。
They are teachers, not students. 他们是教师，不是学生。
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of
Electricity is a form of energy.电是一种能源。
Unity is strength.团结就是力量。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
（二）冠词的特指用法
特指不同于类指，它不是泛指一类人或物，而是特指一类入或物中的具体对象 。 这里有两种情况：
种是非常明确地指出何人或何物，这叫做“确定特指" (Definite Spec巾c Reference) 。 定冠词常作这种用
法。例如 ：
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. (特指上文提到过的狗和猫）
The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. (特指去年就饲养了的狗和猫）
另一种情况是“非确定特指" (Indefinite Specific Reference), 这也是特指具体对象，但没有明确指出 。
不定冠词常作这种用法 。 例如：
I metan oldman in the st「eet. (虽未道出姓名但所指仍为某一特定的老人）
I have lost a button. (指失落一颗特定的纽扣，但未说出何种纽扣）
The氓 s a letter for you. (指一封特定的信件，但不明确是谁写来的）
A book I want has been acquired by the library. (指我所要借的那本特定的书，但未道出什么书）
零冠词也能有非确定特指的用法 。
The streets are clean and are shaded with trees. 街道很干净，乘凉有树荫。
She put carrots in the stew. 她放了几个萝卜煮汤。
后照应特指是一种确定特指，即用定冠词表示上文已经提到的人或物 。 第一次提及通常用不定冠词 。第二次提及，如果不便使用代词，则用定冠词 。
Suddenly Marsha heard what sounded like a fight between a man and a woman. She tensed， prepared to call help, till she
Lyn lived with her husband in a house that they had bought for a song (以廉价购买的） in nearby
Seyer Street. The house was cheap partly because it was falling down.
前照应特指也是一种确定特指，只是照应对象不在上文，而在下文，或者更确切地说，定冠词的指定作用取决于名词中心词的后置修饰语。
Please tell us the story of
Is this the train for Shanghai?
语境特指不是建立在上下文基础上的照应关系，而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上 。 比如主妇对丈夫说， I'm just back from the market, 在这种语境中，听话人一定会理解 the market 指某个平时常去的市场 。
What's in the paper(s) today? 有什么新闻登报会在今天。
Shut the door, please. 关好门，拜托了！
How's the cough today?
怎么样了？ 咳嗽吗？今天呢？
He turned on the radio. 他打开了收音机。
What's on the radio?
有什么新闻广播了吗？
能用于语境特指的冠词通常是定冠词
， 但是零冠词在一定上下文中也可表示确定特指含义，这也是一种语境特指 。
Mary asked, "Why is Father out of work?" 玛丽问道，“为什么爸爸失业了？”
John was elected chairman of the students' union.
约翰当选的主席职务是学生会的。
He turned on the
What's on the radio?
Mary asked, "Why is Father out of work?" 玛丽问道，“为什么爸爸失业了？”
John was elected chairman of the students' union.
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