加载中…马萨诸塞州波士顿市：美国发源之城
(2013-09-06 15:38:27)
标签：
文化 |
分类： 社会与生活 |
美国城市
2013.09.04
点击右侧下载活页资料
以在美国独立战争（American Revolution）中的关键角色及优秀学府蜚声全球的波士顿，是马萨诸塞州（Massachusetts）州府，也是新英格兰（New England）地区政治、商业与金融中心。大波士顿地区（Greater Boston）有460万人口，是美国第十大都市区。
探索它的历史老区——那里曾是早期美国爱国者的家乡，接纳了一代又一代移民；漫步在红砖铺成的波士顿“自由之路”（Freedom Trail）和被称为“翡翠项链”（Emerald Necklace）的青翠欲滴的公园林地，包括著名的波士顿公园广场（Boston Common）。波士顿不仅有源远流长的历史，而且如今也是主导全球创新的一座欣欣向荣的城市。
历史与现状
在成为欧洲殖民地之前，波士顿周边居住着属于阿尔冈昆部落（Algonquian）中一支的马萨诸塞人，“马萨诸塞州”州名由此而来。
自1620年开始，英国异教徒陆续抵达马萨诸塞及科德角湾（Cape Cod Bay）地区。那一年首批宗教朝圣者（Pilgrims）建立了普利茅斯殖民地（Plymouth）。1630年，约翰•温思罗普（John Winthrop）带领一批清教徒（Puritans）来到该地区的肖马特（Shawmut）半岛，建立了波士顿市。这个港湾带来的财富与人口增长，使波士顿成为18世纪中叶之前英属北美最大的城市。
波士顿是美国独立战争的发源地。殖民地人民与英国军队之间的矛盾日益尖锐，最终导致了1770年波士顿大屠杀（Boston Massacre），1773年波士顿倾茶事件（Boston Tea Party），以及1774年“不可忍（强制）法规”（Intolerable (Coercive) Acts），这些法规剥夺了马萨诸塞的自治权，将波士顿置于军法管制之下。英国对波士顿的镇压行动对其他殖民地定居点非但没起到警告作用，反而激起愤怒、反抗与团结。1775年英国军队试图查禁波士顿外围的殖民地军事补给，遭到殖民地民兵反抗，从而揭开了独立战争（Revolutionary War）的序幕。
重要日期：
1632年——波士顿成为马萨诸塞湾殖民地（Massachusetts Bay Colony）首府。
1635年——创办美国第一所公立学校——波士顿拉丁学校（Boston Latin School）。
1704年，美国第一份定期发行的报纸——《波士顿新闻通讯》（Boston News-Letter）——创刊。
1706年——美国科学家、发明家、外交家、幽默作家及政治家本杰明﹒富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）在波士顿出生。
1775年——新组建的美国殖民地军队在波士顿邦克山（Bunker Hill）反击英军。
1848年——波士顿公立图书馆（Boston Public Library）成为世界上第一座公立、免费的市级图书馆。
1876年——亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔（Alexander Graham Bell）向世人展示首台电话机。
1897年——波士顿地铁——北美第一个地下交通系统——开通。
1897年——长跑者参加首届波士顿马拉松（Boston Marathon），这是世界上最古老的年度马拉松比赛。
1917年——约翰•肯尼迪（John F. Kennedy）出生于波士顿布鲁克莱恩区（Brookline），他于1960年当选为总统。
1955年——民权领袖马丁•路德•金（Martin Luther King Jr.）从波士顿大学（Boston University）获得神学博士学位。
2013年——波士顿马拉松遭炸弹袭击，三人死亡，264人受伤。
“美国的雅典”
教育是波士顿历史与重要性的核心。哈佛大学（Harvard University）位于波士顿近郊的剑桥城（Cambridge），是美国历史最悠久的高等学府，也是世界最知名的大学之一。而波士顿地区还有另外66所大学，包括麻省理工学院（Massachusetts Institute of Technology）及波士顿学院（Boston College）。
波士顿的时尚街区——例如灯塔山（Beacon Hill）联邦式连栋宅和使用煤气灯照明的鹅卵石街道，与纽伯里街（Newbury Street）现代购物中心及查尔斯敦(Charlestown)码头区形成鲜明对比；美国帆舰“宪法”号（USS Constitution）就停泊在查尔斯敦。波士顿以海鲜著名，例如蛤蜊浓汤以及龙虾卷。于1826年开张的老联邦蚝屋（Ye Olde Union Oyster House）是美国最古老的餐馆之一，而公牛与小莺酒吧（Bull and Finch Pub）则是20世纪80年代电视剧《干杯》（Cheers）的原型。
包括《心灵捕手》（Good Will Hunting ）在内的一些影片以及罗伯特•帕克（Robert Parker）的斯宾塞（Spenser）系列侦探推理畅销小说使波士顿的人情、文化和邻里街区进入了大众文化。体育迷们则可以到波士顿红袜队（Boston Red Sox）的大本营芬威公园（Fenway Park）尽兴。1912年建成的芬威公园是美国最古老的职业体育场馆之一。
居民
作为新英格兰地区的主要港口，波士顿吸引着源源不断来自全球各地的移民。
根据2010年的人口普查，波士顿的种族构成是53.9%为白人，24.4%非洲裔美国人，17.5%西语裔或拉美裔，8.9%亚裔。2012年，波士顿城市的估算人口为636,479人。
地理
波士顿是美国大陆本土唯一一个拥有海岸线的州府。波士顿位于由查尔斯河（Charles River）和马萨诸塞湾形成的半岛上，是一个天然海港。300年来波士顿通过削平山丘、填充沼泽和滩涂，使面积扩大了三倍。
气候
新英格兰地区冬季寒冷，但波士顿的沿海位置使它的气候较内陆地区温和。最冷的月份是1月，平均气温为华氏29度（零下2摄氏度）；最热的月份是7月，平均气温华氏73度（23摄氏度）。从12月到3月底为降雪期。沿海风暴，俗称“东北大风”（nor’easters）是降水的主要成因。
Read more: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/chinese/pamphlet/2013/09/20130904282180.html#ixzz2e61ep2qg
Boston, Massachusetts: America’s City of Firsts
U.S. CITIES
29 August 2013
Download pamphlet at right.
Known for its key role in the American Revolution and its excellent educational institutions, Boston is the capital of Massachusetts and the political, commercial and financial center of New England. With a population of 4.6 million, Greater Boston is the 10th-largest U.S. metropolitan area.
Explore historic neighborhoods that were home to early American patriots and welcomed generations of immigrants. Wander Boston’s red-bricked “Freedom Trail” and its "Emerald Necklace" of green park spaces, including the famous Boston Common. The city’s rich past is complemented by a thriving present as a global leader in innovation.
Then and Now
Before European colonization, the area around Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett, an Algonquian tribe for which Massachusetts is named.
English religious dissidents began arriving in the Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bay areas in 1620, when the Pilgrims founded Plymouth. In 1630, John Winthrop led a group known as the Puritans to the area’s Shawmut peninsula and founded the city of Boston. Its harbor grew its wealth and its population, making Boston the largest town in British North America until the mid-18th century.
Boston was the birthplace of the American Revolution. Tensions between colonists and British forces led to the 1770 Boston Massacre, the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the 1774 Intolerable (Coercive) Acts, which stripped Massachusetts of self-governance and placed the city under military law. Instead of setting a cautionary example to other Colonies, British actions against Boston triggered outrage, resistance and solidarity. When British forces tried to seize Colonial military supplies outside the city in 1775, they were stopped by Colonial militia and the Revolutionary War began.
Some key dates:
1632 — Boston becomes the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1635 — America’s first public school, the Boston Latin School, opens.
1704 — The Boston News-Letter, America’s first regularly issued newspaper, begins publication.
1706 — American scientist, inventor, diplomat, humorist and statesman Benjamin Franklin is born in Boston.
1775 — The newly formed American Colonial army challenges British forces in Boston at Bunker Hill.
1848 — The Boston Public Library becomes the world’s first publicly supported free municipal library.
1876 — Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the first telephone.
1897 The Boston subway opens as the first underground metro system in North America.
1897 — Racers participate in the first Boston Marathon, the world’s oldest annual marathon.
1917 — John F. Kennedy, who would be elected president in 1960, is born in the Boston neighborhood of Brookline.
1955 — Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. earns his doctorate in theology from Boston University.
2013 — The Boston Marathon is marred by bombings that kill three people and injure 264.
“The Athens of America”
Education is central to Boston’s history and significance. Its Cambridge neighborhood is home to Harvard University, America’s oldest institution of higher learning and one of the world’s most prestigious universities, but there are 66 other colleges and universities in the Boston area, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Boston College.
Boston’s fashionable neighborhoods like Beacon Hill’s federal row houses and gaslit cobblestone streets contrast sharply with the modern shopping district of Newbury Street and the Charlestown waterfront, home to the USS Constitution. Boston is famous for seafood dishes such as clam chowder and lobster rolls. Ye Olde Union Oyster House, opened in 1826, is one of America’s oldest restaurants, and the Bull and Finch Pub was the model for the 1980s television show Cheers.
Movies like Good Will Hunting and Robert Parker’s popular Spenser mystery series also have brought Boston’s people, culture and neighborhoods into popular culture. Sports fans will enjoy Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox. Opened in 1912, it’s the oldest U.S. professional sports venue.
The People
As New England’s main port, Boston attracted a steady stream of immigrants from around the world.
According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of Boston is 53.9 percent white, 24.4 percent African American, 17.5 percent Hispanic or Latino, and 8.9 percent Asian. According to a 2012 estimate, the city’s population is 636,479.
The Land
Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an ocean coastline. Founded on a peninsula formed by the Charles River and Massachusetts Bay that creates a natural harbor, Boston has tripled its original footprint during 300 years of leveling hills to fill in marshes and tidal flats.
The Climate
New England has cold winters, but Boston’s coastal location makes its climate more moderate than inland areas. Its coldest month is January, when the average temperature is 29 degrees Fahrenheit (-2 degrees Celsius) and its hottest is July, which averages 73 degrees Fahrenheit (23 degrees Celsius). Bostonians see snow from December through March. Coastal storms, known as “nor'easters,” produce much of the precipitation.
Read more: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/pamphlet/2013/08/20130829281955.html#ixzz2e61lMhYI
喜欢
0
赠金笔