加载中…国际劳工组织指出大多数家庭佣工缺乏保障
(2013-01-14 11:44:16)
标签：
杂谈 |
分类： 政治与经济 |
Stephen Kaufman | Staff Writer | 2013.01.11
2012年12月，秘鲁的家庭佣工举行抗议活动，要求改善薪酬待遇和工作环境。全球5200万家庭佣工中还有很多人享受不到其他工作者所享有的保障。
华盛顿——国际劳工组织（International Labour Organization）在一份有关全球日益增多的家庭佣工的报告中指出，目前全球有超过5200万家庭佣工，其中83%为女性，很多人深受工作条件恶劣以及缺乏充分的法律保护之苦。
这份1月9日在日内瓦发布的报告显示，家庭佣工占全球有薪女性劳动者的7.5%，其中大多数人在亚太地区务工，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区排在其后。
根据这次调查，国际劳工组织还发现，家庭佣工人数已从1995年的3320万人增加到2010年的5260万人，增幅达60%。国际劳工组织副总干事桑德拉•博拉斯基（Sandra Polaski）表示，家庭佣工在很多国家都是“社会结构中不可或缺的一部分”，他们承担着从照顾小孩、老人和残疾人到从事各种其他家务的诸多职责。
但是博拉斯基同时表示，大多数家庭佣工“所遭受的剥削程度往往超出了其他工作者所能容忍的限度”，他们享受不到其他工作者所享有的种种保障。很多住在雇主家中的佣工必须随叫随到，但他们按周或按月拿到的报酬却是固定不变的。
博拉斯基说：“与其他工作者相比，家庭佣工必须工作的时间更长，而且在很多国家，他们无权像其他工作者一样享受每周都有的休息日。缺乏权利、对雇主的极度依赖加之家佣工作与外界隔绝而且不受保护的性质，都导致家庭佣工更易于受到剥削和虐待。”
国际劳工组织指出，一些到国外做工的人在这些国家的法律地位不稳固，如果他们语言不通又不了解当地法律，就特别易于遭受虐待，其中包括身体和性暴力、精神虐待、拖欠工资、债役以及被迫在恶劣的环境中劳作和生活。
国际劳工组织的报告还显示，45%的家庭佣工没有每周休息或带薪休年假的权利，29.9%的人不在国家劳工法的保障范围内，超过三分之一的女性家庭佣工得不到孕产假保障。
国际劳工组织还表示，该项调查不包括约740万年龄在15岁以下的家庭佣工；由于家佣工作往往都没有经过登记，因此全球家庭佣工的实际人数可能接近1亿人。
在发布这项调查报告之前，国际劳工组织已于2011年6月通过一项公约，力求确保全球家庭佣工能够同其他工作者一样享受合理的报酬和工作条件，其中包括同等的劳工权利。
目前，仅有10%的家庭佣工在最低工资和集体谈判权等方面享有同等的法律保障，超过25%的人在其工作的国家被完全排除在劳工法律的保护之外。
国际劳工组织说，在全球家庭佣工队伍不断扩大的情况下，这份报告为衡量今后力争达到2011年公约所规定的各项标准的进展情况制定了一个基准。
博拉斯基表示：“随着老龄化社会的到来，未来对家庭护工的需求会越来越大。”
美国坚决支持国际劳工组织通过改善全球生活与工作条件来保障普世人权的努力。美国和国际劳工组织都承诺在全球范围内加深对民主原则的认识和尊重。
作为国际劳工组织最大的成员国与出资国，美国提供的捐助约占国际劳工组织两年期常规预算的22%，美国还是为国际劳工组织的预算外技术合作项目提供捐助最多的国家。
报告全文载于国际劳工组织网站。
Read more: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/chinese/article/2013/01/20130111140821.html#ixzz2HuyiQs8C
Most Domestic Workers Lack Protections, Labor Group Says
By Stephen Kaufman | Staff Writer | 09 January 2013
Domestic workers in Peru protest their pay and working conditions in a December 2012 rally. Many of the world's 52 million domestic workers remain excluded from protections given to other workers.
Washington — There are more than 52 million domestic workers around the world, 83 percent of whom are women, and many suffer from poor working conditions and insufficient legal protection, according to an International Labour Organization (ILO) report on the world’s growing domestic workforce.
Domestic workers make up 7.5 percent of women worldwide who are earning a wage, with the majority working in the Asia and the Pacific region, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the report, which was released in Geneva January 9.
Based on its research, the ILO has documented a 60 percent rise in the number of domestic workers from 33.2 million in 1995 to 52.6 million in 2010. ILO Deputy Director-General Sandra Polaski said domestic workers are “an indispensable part of the social fabric” in many countries, where their responsibilities range from providing care for children, the elderly and the disabled to a wide variety of other household tasks.
But Polaski said the majority of domestic workers are “often exploited beyond what would be tolerated for other workers," and they are excluded from protections that other workers enjoy. Many are paid a flat weekly or monthly fee despite the fact that as a live-in employee they are expected to be available whenever they are needed.
“Domestic workers are frequently expected to work longer hours than other workers and in many countries do not have the same rights to weekly rest that are enjoyed by other workers. Combined with the lack of rights, the extreme dependency on an employer and the isolated and unprotected nature of domestic work can render them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse,” Polaski said.
The ILO said some migrant domestic workers have a precarious legal status in the countries where they work, and they are especially vulnerable to abuse when they do not know the local language and laws. Such abuse can include physical and sexual violence, psychological abuse, nonpayment of wages, debt bondage and being forced to work and live in abusive conditions.
Among its findings, the ILO reported that 45 percent of domestic workers have no entitlement to weekly rest periods or paid annual leave; 29.9 percent are excluded from national labor legislation; and more than one-third of women domestic workers have no maternity protection.
The ILO also said its research did not include approximately 7.4 million domestic workers who are under the age of 15 and that because domestic work is often unreported, the real number of workers could actually be closer to 100 million.
The ILO report follows the adoption of a June 2011 treaty that seeks to ensure domestic workers around the world have decent pay and working conditions, including the same labor rights as other workers.
Currently, only 10 percent of domestic workers enjoy the same legal protections, including minimum wage and the right to collective bargaining, and more than 25 percent are completely excluded from labor legislation in the countries where they work.
The ILO said its report has set a benchmark against which future progress toward the standards set by the 2011 treaty can be measured, and as the world’s domestic workforce continues to increase.
“The demand for domestic care workers will only grow in the future as societies age," Polaski said.
The United States is a strong supporter of the ILO’s efforts to secure universal human rights through improvements in global living and working conditions. Both the United States and the ILO have pledged to raise awareness of and instill respect for democratic principles worldwide.
As the largest member state and donor of the ILO, the United States contributes approximately 22 percent of the ILO’s regular budget each biennium, and it is also the single largest donor to ILO extra-budgetary technical cooperation projects.
The full report can be found at the ILO’s website.
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