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华盛顿迎来第113届国会

(2013-01-08 10:12:44)
标签:

杂谈

分类: 政治与经济
Bridget Hunter | Staff Writer | 2013.01.04
http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/3234/week_1/01032013_AP603267378038-300.jpg

1月3日,副总统拜登作为联邦参议院议长带领夏威夷州参议员广野庆子在华盛顿国会山宣誓就职。

 

 

华盛顿——1月3日,华盛顿在紧锣密鼓筹备欧巴马总统第二任期的就职典礼之际,迎来了立法机构最新一届成员的到来。

在新当选的议员宣誓就职后,第113届国会在华盛顿宣布开会——这将是它在未来两年中举行的许许多多会议中的第一次会议。按照规定,这届国会必须在2015年1月3日中午前休会。大多数往届国会往往在这个一月份的最后期限之前就宣告休会,但行将离任的第112届国会在非常接近最后期限的时候仍在举行会议。

美国第113届国会,即美国联邦政府的立法机构,由两个议院组成,即参议院(Senate)和众议院(House of Representatives)。两院议员中的大部分人是经其所在州或国会选区的选民选举产生,但也有少数是依州法律任命产生,以填补尚未届满的去世、退休或被选任其他职务的议员的职位。

众议院的席位根据2010年美国人口普查结果分配、按照2012年11月的选举结果决定。众议院议员任期为两年。由于参议员任期为6年,所以在第113届国会任职的参议员中,仅有大约三分之一是从上年11月的选举产生。

于1月3日中午开幕的第113届国会有43位非洲裔议员,其中包括一名参议员。任职本届国会的女性议员人数达100名,为美国历史前所未有。这届国会还包括31位拉美裔、12位亚裔和7名公开的同性恋或双性恋议员。新任参议员有13位,新任众议员82位(35名共和党人,47名民主党人)。

虽然民主党人在2012年11月的参众两院选举中人数均略有增加,但两院中的政党控制局面与第112届国会并无二致。无党派人士、来自佛蒙特州(Vermont)的伯尼•桑德斯(Bernie Sanders)和缅因州(Maine)的安格斯•金(Angus King)将参加民主党党团会议,因此民主党仍然在参议院占多数。

共和党人继续在众议院拥有多数席位。众议院目前的政党席位分配是233名共和党人,200名民主党人,还有两个空缺席位很可能由共和、民主两党各得一席填补。

缺少了熟悉的面孔

2013年,国会山(Capitol Hill)将不再有一些知名议员的身影。

参议员乔•利伯曼(Joe Lieberman)(前副总统候选人)和奥林匹亚•斯诺(Olympia Snowe)退休。参议员理查德•卢格(Richard Lugar)——参议院对外关系委员会(Senate Foreign Relations Committee)数十年来的强势议员——因初选失利而无缘参加大选。丹尼尔·井上(Daniel K. Inouye)——第112届国会中任职时间最长的参议员——于第113届国会开始前逝世。

在众议院,议员罗恩•保罗(Ron Paul)和巴尼•弗兰克(Barney Frank)退休,而丹尼斯•库钦奇(Dennis J. Kucinich)在初选中败于对手。

 

http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/3234/week_1/01032013_AP852643410169-300.jpg

新当选连任的众议院议长约翰•博纳(John Boehner,中)在众议院多数党领袖埃里克•坎托(Eric Cantor)和众议院少数党领袖南希•佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)陪同下步入众议院。

 
新议员使国会代表更加多元化

南卡罗来纳州(South Carolina)的蒂姆•斯科特(Tim Scott)获委任接替退休的参议员吉姆•德铭特(Jim DeMint),成为1881年以来来自南方的第一位黑人参议员。他也是20世纪70年代至今首位非洲裔共和党参议员。

击败共和党州长汤米•汤普森(Tommy Thompson)的威斯康星州(Wisconsin)民主党人塔米•鲍德温(Tammy Baldwin),成为第一位公开的同性恋参议员。

有六位新当选参议员曾任职于众议院,其中包括夏威夷州(Hawaii)的广野庆子(Mazie Hirono)。她是任职参议院的第一位亚裔女性,也是第一位佛教徒(Buddhist)。

来自夏威夷州的另一位议会代表是众议员图尔西•加伯德(Tulsi Gabbard),她是入选国会的首位印度教徒(Hindu)。

数位议员来自移民家庭;有些人出生在美国之外。

超越上届国会?

第113届国会面临着一系列挑战,特别是与美国经济相关的挑战。它也很可能将需要处理移民政策改革及其他可能导致两极分化的问题。要取得成功,议员们将必须弥合彼此之间以及与白宫之间的一些理念分歧。

最近的民意调查显示,美国人对国会不满,并且愈来愈厌烦国会山的党派僵持。

对于新一届议员来说,一个好消息是,第112届国会就许多方面而言,都是现代效率最低和最不受欢迎的一届国会。除了公众支持率低下之外,它所通过的法案数目(大约220个)为20世纪40年代以来之最少。

新一届国会稍加勤奋努力和略作妥协,当能够超过前任的表现。美国选民当然希望如此。



Read more: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/chinese/article/2013/01/20130104140661.html#ixzz2HLWeS8ms

Washington Welcomes 113th Congress

By Bridget Hunter | Staff Writer | 03 January 2013
http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/3234/week_1/01032013_AP603267378038-300.jpg

Vice President Biden, in his role as president of the U.S. Senate, swears in Senator Mazie Hinoro of Hawaii at the U.S. Capitol in Washington January 3.

 

Washington — In the midst of preparations for the second inauguration of President Obama, Washington focused its attention January 3 on welcoming the newest incarnation of its legislative branch.

Following the swearing-in of newly elected members, the 113th Congress convened in Washington for the first of many meetings it will hold during the next two years. It must adjourn not later than noon on January 3, 2015. Most Congresses tend to adjourn well before that January deadline, although the outgoing 112th Congress remained in session until very near that deadline.

The 113th Congress of the United States, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government, has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The chambers are filled mostly with members selected by the voters in their states or congressional districts, but a few have been appointed in accordance with state law to fill unexpired terms of members who have died, retired or been elected to other offices.

The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 U.S. census and filled in the November 2012 elections. Members of the House serve two-year terms. Because senators serve for six year terms, only about one-third of U.S. senators serving in the 113th Congress were elected the previous November.

When it convened at noon on January 3, the 113th Congress had 43 African-American members, including one U.S. senator. More women — 100 — are serving in Congress than at any previous time in U.S. history. This Congress also includes 31 Latinos, 12 Asian Americans and seven openly gay or bisexual members. There are 13 new senators and 82 new members of the House (35 Republicans and 47 Democrats).

Political party control of each chamber is unchanged from the 112th Congress, even though Democrats achieved slight gains in both from the November 2012 elections. Democrats, helped by independents Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Angus King of Maine, who will caucus with them, still enjoy a majority in the Senate.

Republicans continue to hold a majority in the House of Representatives. Its current political breakdown is 233 Republicans, 200 Democrats, and two vacancies that are likely to be filled by one Republican and one Democrat.

FAMILIAR FACES MISSING

Some well-known legislators will be absent from Capitol Hill in 2013.

Senators Joe Lieberman (a former vice presidential candidate) and Olympia Snowe retired. Senator Richard Lugar, a powerful member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for decades, lost his primary race and could not run in the general election. Daniel K. Inouye, who was the Senate’s longest-serving member in the 112th Congress, died before the 113th Congress convened.

In the House, Representatives Ron Paul and Barney Frank retired, while Dennis J. Kucinich also lost to a primary challenger.

 

http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/3234/week_1/01032013_AP852643410169-300.jpg

Newly re-elected House Speaker John Boehner, center, enters the House of Representatives January 3 escorted by House Majority Leader Eric Cantor and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi.

NEW MEMBERS EXPAND CONGRESSIONAL DIVERSITY

Tim Scott of South Carolina, an appointee who replaces retiring Senator Jim DeMint, is the first black senator from the South since 1881. He is also the first Republican African-American senator since the 1970s.

Democrat Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, who defeated Republican Governor Tommy Thompson, will be the first openly gay senator.

Six of the new senators first served in the House, including Mazie Hinoro of Hawaii. She is the first Asian-American woman to serve in the Senate and also the first Buddhist.

Another member of the Hawaii delegation, Representative Tulsi Gabbard, is the first Hindu elected to Congress.

Several new members are the children of immigrants; some were born outside the United States.

SURPASS THE PREVIOUS CONGRESS?

The 113th Congress faces a number of challenges, particularly those related to the U.S. economy. It likely also will be tasked with addressing immigration reform and other potentially polarizing issues. To be successful, members will have to bridge philosophical divides among themselves and with the White House.

Americans, as indicated in a number of recent polls, are unhappy with Congress and increasingly irritated with partisan gridlock on Capitol Hill.

The good news for incoming members is that the 112th Congress was by many measures the least productive and least popular Congress of the modern era. In addition to its dismal public-approval ratings, it passed the lowest number of bills (about 220) of any Congress since the 1940s.

With a bit of hard work and a little compromise, the new Congress should be able to improve on that performance. American voters certainly hope so.



Read more: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2013/01/20130103140628.html#ixzz2HLWl1fqT

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