纪念废除奴隶制的节日

(2012-06-25 11:10:21)

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杂谈

分类：政治与经济

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美国在每年6月19日庆祝六月节（Juneteenth），是庆祝美国废除奴隶制历史最悠久的活动。Juneteenth一词由June（6月）和nineteenth（19）两词合成。这个节日是为了纪念1865年在得克萨斯州（Texas）宣布废除奴隶制的事件，维护美国非洲裔的传统。

美国许多州已确定六月节为一个节日。全美各地的人们举行游行、烧烤、野餐、棒球赛、赛马、邻里聚会和儿童作文比赛等活动欢庆这个节日。图为佛罗里达州德通纳海滩市（Daytona Beach, Florida）一名小女孩化彩妆庆祝六月节。

六月节的历史可追溯到美国总统林肯（Abraham Lincoln ）于1862年9月22日发布的《解放奴隶宣言》（Emancipation Proclamation）。宣言于1863年1月1日生效。

美国南北战争期间（1861–1865），得克萨斯州作为邦联成员抵制《解放奴隶宣言》。1865年6月18日，联邦军的戈登·格兰杰（Gordon Granger）将军和2,000名联邦军士兵抵达得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿（Galveston)，接管了该州并执行解放奴隶的行动。

1865年6月19日，格兰杰站在加尔维斯顿的阿什顿别墅（Ashton Villa）阳台上宣读第三号将军令（General Order Number 3），开头一句话是，“得克萨斯州人民须知，根据美国行政部门的宣言，全体奴隶获得自由。这意味着以往的奴隶主和奴隶拥有绝对平等的权利和财产权利，他们之间的关系现已成为雇主和自由劳动者的关系。”

当时加尔韦斯顿获得解放的奴隶走上街头欢呼雀跃。得克萨斯州于第二年开始庆祝六月节。美国非洲裔作家拉尔夫·埃利森（Ralph Ellison）创作了小说«六月节»，讲述了六月节及其传统。

Juneteenth: An Annual Commemoration of Slavery's End

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Juneteenth, celebrated annually on June 19, is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. The term “Juneteenth” is a hybrid word combining “June” and “nineteenth,” and the occasion honors African-American heritage by recalling the announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas in 1865.

Now recognized as a holiday in many U.S. states, Juneteenth is observed across the country with parades, barbecues, picnics, baseball games, rodeos, neighborhood parties, children’s essay contests and other activities. The little girl seen here sports elaborate face paint from a Juneteenth celebration in Daytona Beach, Florida.

Juneteenth’s origins can be traced to the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, with an effective date of January 1, 1863.

Texas, as part of the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865), was resistant to the Emancipation Proclamation, so on June 18, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and 2,000 federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, to take charge of the state and enforce the emancipation of its slaves.

On June 19, 1865, Granger stood on the balcony of Galveston’s Ashton Villa and publicly read the contents of “General Order Number 3,” beginning with the words: “The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and free labor.”

Former slaves in Galveston rejoiced in the streets, and Juneteenth celebrations began in Texas the following year. The holiday and its traditions are explored in the novel Juneteenth by African-American author Ralph Ellison.

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