高缘网：高尔夫周刊2007年球场评定手册之二

翻译：张旭

我觉得这一部分写的非常不错，很有参考学习价值，特与大家分享。

2.        Classic and Modern
传统球场与现代球场
The Golfweek’s Best program virtually transformed the ratings process and had a powerful influence on the perception of golf course design when Golfweek initiated two parallel lists: one recognizing Classic (pre-1960) courses and the other including Modern (1960 and after) courses. Golfweek believes there are good reasons for this split list:
《高尔夫周刊》的最佳评选程序实际上改变了评定程序；当着手评定传统古典球场（1960年之前）和现代球场（1960年之后）时，其对高尔夫球场设计的观念有很大的影响。《高尔夫周刊》相信这里有很多好的理由来做这个名录：

At the heart of Golfweek’s Best course rating system is the distinction between Classic and Modern courses.
《高尔夫周刊》最佳球场评选系统的核心就是传统球场与现代球场的荣誉。

Classic
传统球场
Golfweek defines Classic courses as those opened for play prior to 1960. This includes 7,000 of the existing 17,000 courses, or 41 percent. Many of these debuted during an unprecedented era of creativity in golf course design called the Golden Age of Architecture. This era, running 1919-1939, saw the introduction of 69 of the 100 courses on Golfweek’s Best Classic list. During this era, design visionaries like Charles Blair MacDonald, Alister MacKenzie, Seth Raynor, George C. Thomas Jr., Donald Ross and A.W. Tillinghast were at their peak creative powers.
《高尔夫周刊》定义的传统球场为1960年之前开业打球的球场。这7000家球场占目前17000家球场的41%。在这个前所未有的高尔夫球场设计时期，许多开创性的球场登上了舞台，这个时期被称作是球场建筑学的黄金时期。1919年到1939年这个时期，引入了69家球场进入传统球场百佳里面。这个时期，有设计远见的大师如查理斯 布莱尔 麦克唐纳德（Charles Blair MacDonald）, 阿尔斯特 麦肯齐（Alister MacKenzie）, 赛思 雷诺（Seth Raynor）, 乔治 托马斯（George C. Thomas Jr）., 唐纳德 罗斯（Donald Ross） and A.W. Tillinghast，都有这个时期的巅峰之作。

This Classic style of architecture was basically naturalistic, with intimate routings that enabled holes to cling to native landforms. These designers were not afraid to utilize dramatic vertical slopes or to sculpt their bunkers into artistic shapes, but they did so by enhancing the given features of the land. Earth scraping was minimal, and what little was undertaken was carried out by draft animals, not by mechanized earth movers deployed on a large scale.
传统球场的建筑风格基于自然主义，带着详细的规划，其让球洞紧靠自然地形。这些设计师毫不畏惧的利用让人惊心的垂直坡度、雕刻艺术化的沙坑，但是他们这么做确实增加了场地的特色。土方工程都是极少的，即便少量的土方也是由草图和畜力来完成的，不像今天的机械用细致的图纸来搬用土方。

Greens were built from native soil that was pushed up and shaped. This gave designers of the Classic era enormous freedom to build oddly-shaped putting surfaces, with more contour than was the case in the Modern era of cored-out, sand-based greens.
果岭都是用当地的土推过去，然后造型的。这就给这一时期的设计师极大的自由去建造奇特造型的果岭推杆面，比现在基于沙子上面的果岭多了很多等高线（即传统球场果岭起伏很大）。

With respect to site selection, the greater abundance of buildable land in those days gave architects tremendous creative freedom as well. If they didn’t like one site, they could easily move down the road to another empty parcel for consideration. For better or worse, they were also unhindered by the regulatory process. There was no such thing as a “wetland” in the 1920s; they called it a “swamp” back then, and if it posed a design problem they would either fill it or drain it. Many of the great old courses could not be built these days because contemporary regulations now prohibit what used to be the commonplace practice of using low-lying wet areas.
带着对场地的选择，那段时间大量充足的建造用地给了设计师极大的创作自由。如果他们不喜欢一块场地，他们可以考虑简单的把道路移到另外一块空地上面。不管好坏，这些固定的程序妨碍不了他们。19世纪20年代，就根本没有“湿地”，那个时候人们叫它沼泽，如果其妨碍了设计，他们会将其填掉或者排干沼泽。许多伟大的古老球场都不可能像今天这样建造，因为现代的制度已经禁止了用古老的方式去处理低洼的湿地。

Nor did designers have to worry about maximizing home lots on the golf course. And they couldn’t rely upon paved cart paths to resolve their routing problems. If they wound up with too long a walk from a green to a tee, they headed back to the drawing board to reroute the entire course until they got it right.
过去的设计师从不考虑在球场里面尽量多的布置房产，也不依赖球场道来解决他们的线路规划问题。如果从果岭到发球台太远，他们就得回去重新画图规划整个球场，直至做对。

Courses didn’t have to be perfect on opening day. They evolved slowly, were often tweaked and improved upon in their early years and only gradually did they acquire a reputation.
球场不必像今天一样追求完美。他们发展缓慢，往往在最初几年调整改善，逐步的赢得他们的名声。

But that reputation could often last for decades – and still does. The premier courses on the Classic list are today a roll call of architectural tradition and greatness: Cypress Point (No. 1); Pine Valley (No. 2); Shinnecock Hills (No. 3); Pebble Beach (No. 5); and Augusta National (No. 10).
但是那些名声通常可以持续很多年，并一直延续到今天。传统百佳球场中的那些最好的依然是今天我们称之为传统伟大的球场：柏树点球场Cypress Point (No. 1); 松树谷球场Pine Valley (No. 2); Shinnecock Hills (No. 3); 圆石滩球场Pebble Beach (No. 5); 奥古斯塔球场 Augusta National (No. 10).

Modern
现代球场
Golfweek considers all courses opened from 1960 on to be Modern. This comprises 10,000 of the existing 17,000 courses, or 59 percent. In the last 4+ decades, there has been a phenomenal growth of the game, in part spurred by the recreational needs of a rapidly expanding suburban community. The growth of golf in the Modern era of design starts with its popularization, the appeal of Arnold Palmer and the consequences of bringing the game into the homes of television audiences, especially with the widespread adoption of colorized tournament telecasts in the mid-1960s. Popular glossy magazines, increasingly featuring luscious color photographs of golf courses, played no small role in making golf and golf course architecture matters of public interest.
《高尔夫周刊》把1960年后开业的球场称作现代球场。这10000家球场占目前17000家球场的51%。在过去的四十年中，这项运动有了非凡的增长，部分是由于市郊社区娱乐需要的快速增长需求。现代时期的高尔夫发展设计是与这项运动的普及一起开始的，阿诺德帕尔玛（Arnold Palmer）的吸引力和将这项运动引入家庭电视观众的重要性，尤其是随着19世纪60年代中期后广泛的采取了彩色电视锦标赛的转播。流行的杂志，越来越多的迷人的彩色球场特色照片，在把高尔夫与高尔夫球场建筑推向公众的过程中其了弥足轻重的作用。

Mass access to golf travel also bridged the distance gap, making previously out-of-the-way places and exotic resort sites well within reach of avid golfers. This helped cultivate an awareness of golf’s great courses and brought home to both architects and students of the game the value of fine architecture.
有权进行高尔夫旅行也消弱了距离的鸿沟，让热心的球手可以到达之前遥远的地方和吸引人的度假胜地。

It wasn’t just the market that changed. Design and construction techniques for courses shifted fundamentally after 1960. Mechanized earth moving became standard, with many sites requiring 500,000 to 1 million cubic yards of earth to be moved in the construction process.
这不仅仅是市场变了。球场设计与建造技术在1960年之后也有了翻天覆地变化。机械化的土方搬运趋于标准，在建造过程中，许多球场都需要搬运50万方到一百万方的土方量。

The USGA developed sophisticated methods for sandbased greens built as perched water tables. This required extensive planning, documentation and meticulous excavation. The advent of new, high-performance bentgrasses meant better quality conditions, but the quicker putting speeds meant that greens could not be built with the same dramatic slope as had been the case before. As mowing heights on greens came down from the quarter-inch of the Classic era to one-eighth of an inch and now to one-tenth of an inch today, Modern architects came to enjoy little margin of error when building and draining their courses.
由于表层滞水，美国高协开发出非常先进的沙基果岭建造方法。这个需要更多的图纸，文件和细致的挖掘。到现在高性能的剪股颖，即更高质量的草坪，但是更快的推杆速度意味着果岭再也不能建造成像过去的那样大的起伏了。因为果岭剪草高度已经从传统时期的四分之一英寸到今天的八分之一英寸甚至十分之一英寸，现代的设计师开始享受在建造果岭及果岭排水时小小的错误误差。

These were the skills of professionally trained landscape architects, not just creative golf visionaries. Gradually, the profession shifted and became more technically oriented, with architects spending less of their time designing in the field and more time designing on paper so that the project could be bid out to a contractor.
这里有受过专业技巧培训的景观设计师，不仅仅是有高尔夫创造力的远见。逐步地，越来越专业、更区域专业化；由于设计师在现场花的设计时间越来越少，在设计图纸上面的时间越来越多，所以现在的项目已经可以招标给承包商来做了。

As the economic and technical requirements got more complicated, so did the regulatory process. Plans had to be submitted well in advance and were subject to scrutiny by local, state and federal authorities. Nowhere was the regulatory process more evident than when it came to wetlands and increasingly stringent requirements by the Environmental Protection Agency. Moreover, golf was now part of ever-more complicated land plans involving such mixed uses as residential homesites and commercial real estate.
由于经济与技术要求越来越复杂，传统的建造程序也跟着变了。图纸必须提前提交上去，而且还要经过当局，州政府，联邦的仔细审查。没有什么地方的程序可以比遇到湿地，遇到环保局的严厉条款还复杂。另外，高尔夫遇到混合的居民用地或者商业房地产，它的相关图纸是最复杂的。

While golf architects had to be skilled landscape designers, they also had to be gifted salesmen. Robert Trent Jones Sr. ushered in the era of public relations as essential to course architecture. Indeed, architects became golf celebrities in their own right, and as a few designers (Tom Fazio, Pete Dye) established themselves as big names, others sought to cash in on their PGA Tour fame by marketing themselves as well. At least some would-be designers (Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer) were smart enough to create technically qualified design shops and hired skilled architects.
高尔夫设计师必须是很有技巧的景观设计师，而且还是还必须很有天赋的销售员。罗伯特 琼斯（Robert Trent Jones Sr）引入了公共关系，因为其对球场建筑学非常重要。的确，设计师成为高尔夫名人是凭着本身的头衔，同时个别设计师（汤姆 法齐奥 Tom Fazio，皮特 戴 Pete Dye）建立了自己的名望，另外一些砸钱给PGA巡回赛，通过市场来赢得了名声。至少有些自诩为设计师的人（杰克 尼克劳斯Jack Nicklaus和阿诺德 帕尔玛Arnold Palmer）很聪明的创造出高质量的工作室，聘请好的设计师。

At the same time, some Modern designers went back to basics and adopted a more Classic approach – spending time on the ground, designing and working mainly in the field. Among its many unique features, the Golfweek’s Best Modern Courses list can be credited for “discovering” and publicizing the seminal works of such designers as Bill Coore and Ben Crenshaw, Tom Doak, Jim Engh, Brian Silva, Steve Smyers and Mike Strantz.
同时，一些现代的设计师回头去追求基本原理，采取更多的传统古典方法-花很多时间在工地，设计和工作大都在现场。在这么独一无二的特色中，《高尔夫周刊》的现代球场百佳名录就是为了发现这些球场，宣传这些对球场发展有深远影响的设计师如比尔 库 和 本 克柯瑞肖（Bill Coore & Ben Crenshaw）, 汤姆 多克（Tom Doak）, 吉姆 英格（Jim Engh）,布莱恩 （ Brian Silva）, 史帝夫 (Steve Smyers) 和麦克（Mike Strantz）.

Collectively, these designers represent an amazing proliferation of talent. Their work, especially since the mid-1990s, has resulted in what may be termed a Second Golden Age of Architecture. The work tends to be technically brilliant, with flawless construction standards and impeccable grooming to ensure that the courses are in perfect shape on opening day.
The leading courses on Golfweek’s Best Modern list are impressive achievements, both strategically and aesthetically: Sand Hills (No. 1); Pacific Dunes (No. 2); Whistling Straits (No. 3); Pete Dye Golf Club (No. 4); and Friar’s Head (No. 5).
总体上，这些设计师都有着各自不可思议的天赋。他们的作品，尤其是从1990年中期后，推进了高尔夫到第二个黄金时代。他们的作品趋于闪耀着技术光辉，完美的建造标准，无微不至的养护确保在开业那天有着完美的造型。《高尔夫周刊》百佳现代球场中的前茅者，都有着让人印象深刻的成就，其极具战略性，又富美学特点：沙丘高尔夫球场（Sand Hills） 第一; 太平洋沙丘（Pacific Dunes） (第二);呼啸海峡球场（ Whistling Straits） (第三); 皮特 戴高尔夫球场（Pete Dye Golf Club） (第四); Friar’s Head高尔夫球场

注：本文转自高缘网：http://bbs.igolfyou.cn