英汉互译5(转载)
(2009-08-11 17:45:32)
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英语学习教育 |
第六节:正反、反正表达法
Negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。Negation 作为一种翻译技巧,它主要指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。因此,翻译技巧中的Negation译成“正说反译、反说正译法”是比较合适的。而语法中的Negation则译成“否定”,因为它是指下面四种语言现象:1.Full negative(完全否定);2. Absolute negative(绝对否定);3. Semi negative(部分否定) ;4. Words, or phrases, with negative implication(含否定意义的词或短语)。前两种否定,除少数情况外,英语汉语中差别不大;而后两者否定,在英汉两种语言的运用中则差别较大,需要特别注意。从下面的例句中,可以体会“正说反译,反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。
1.I don’t think Tom is correct.
我认为汤姆不对。(不译成:我不认为汤姆是不对的)
2.我想小李明天不会来了。
I don’t think Xiao Li will come tomorrow.
(不译成:I think Xiao Li won’t come tomorrow.)
3. A: Are you not going tomorrow?
甲:你明天不去吗?
乙:是的,我不去。
4. ①Africa is not kicking out Western Imperialism ②in order to invite other new masters.
①非洲踢出西方帝国主义②并不是为了请进其他新的主子。(假如不运用“正说反译,反说正译”这一技巧,译文就会成为:“非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其它新的主子。”其义则大相径庭。)
5. The world today is far from peaceful.
今天的世界还很不安宁。(far from是一个形式上肯定而含有否定意义的短语或词组,所以要“正说反译”。)
6.我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。
Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.
1.
He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data.
2.
The window refuses to open.
3.
Yesterday he failed to get to school on time.
4.
They excluded children (from) getting in.
5.
That building is in a state of neglect.
6.
He’s often absent-minded.
7.
To do this beyond my ability.
8.
Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise.
9.
I, rather than you, should do the work.
10.事实争相同你想的完全不同。
The truth is quite other than what you think.
11.She refrained from laughing.
她忍住了,没有发笑。
12.She was refused admittance by them.
他们不许她进去。
13.An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.
良机难再。
14.不辜负全国人民和全世界人民对我们的期望。
Live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world.
15.工作没有经验,出点差错,在所难免。
Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
16.任何事物都有两点,说只有一点叫知其一不知其二。
There are two aspects to everything; to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignored of the other.
17.在技术方面,我看大部分首先要照办,因为那些我们现在还没有,还不懂,学了比较有利。
In technology, I think first we have to follow others in most cases, and it is better for us to do so, since that is what we are lacking at present and know little about.
18.会议开得冷冷清清,有时甚至开不下去了。
The meeting were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up.
19.使用按键,勿用力过猛。
avoid operating the keys roughly.
20.科学家们在会上庄严地保证说:“我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。”
The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying,“ We’ll for ever live up to what our Party expects of us.”
21.The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt.
证据确凿,毋庸置疑。
22.那里的县委不了解下情。
The County Party Committee there is ignorant of conditions at
23.那家伙很不老实。
The fellow is far from being honest.
24.那城市及其周围的地方是不冻港和无核区。
The city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon-free zone.
25.栾平呆立着,回答不出杨子荣的一系列问题。
Luan Ping stood still, trying vainly (in vain) to answer
the battery of questions
26.Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country.
怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论。
27.That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination (or: That strengthened, rather than weakened, our determination.)
那件事没有削弱我们的决心,反倒增加了我们的决心。
28.But for the workers’ help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment.
没有工人们的帮助,我们这个实验便不会成功。
29.All that glitters is not gold. (or: All is not gold that glitters.)
正译:闪闪发光者,未必皆黄金。(或:发光的并不都是金子。)
误译:发光的一切(一切发光的)不是金子。
30.“All is not lost.” –John Milton
(约翰·密尔顿说过:)并非全失。(不能误译为“一切都没有失去。”)
31.George Bernard Shaw once said,“All criminals are not murderers.”
乔治·萧伯纳曾说:“罪犯并非全是杀人犯。”(不能误译成“所有的罪犯都不是杀人犯。”)
32.But all men are not born to reign.
并非人人生来都是作帝王的。
33.All graduates from the Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work.
外语院校的毕业生并非人人被分配去做翻译工作。
34.All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends.
捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。
35.Both children are not clever.
正译:并非两个孩子都聪明。
误译:两个孩子都不聪明。
上述一些含部分否定的例句并非说明“正说反译,反说正译”这一翻译技巧如何运用,而是想说明在处理翻译问题时,要对这一语言现象备加注意,一避免误译。
在翻译中,除了部分否定之外,还有一否定现象要特别注意,这就
是实际表示否定意义的双重否定。一般说来,双重否定等于肯定(否定之否定等于肯定:Two noes make a yes.),但作为一种粗俗英语或亚标准英语,一直被以英语为母语的人们,特别是英语国家的不少劳动人民在使用,表示强调否定之义。这种双重否定的语言现象在不少书中,如马克·吐温的The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn一书中使用得很多。遇到这类的句子,一定要认真研究上下文,弄清它到底是肯定还是否定。如果是一种亚标准英语,就不要译成肯定意思。
1.We never thought of nothing wrong.
正译:我们从来没想到有什么错误。(正规英语为We never thought of anything wrong.)
误译:我从来没想到了有错误。
2.They would not eat themselves, and would not let others neither.
在标准英语中,neither应改成 either,所以应译成:他们自己不吃(东西),也不让别人吃(东西)。
第五章:英译汉常用的方法和技巧(中)
第一节:分译与合译
第二节:被动语态的译法
第三节:名词从句的译法
第四节;定语从句的译法
第五节:状语从句的译法
第六节:长句的译法
第一节:分
1.So I swam and, presumably because of the long absence of foreigners from Sichuan, before an undeservedly large and enthusiastic audience.(From an article written by John Service.)
2.When someone asks me what business I am in, I become embarrassed. I stutter and stammer. My face feels hot.
原来的三个英语句子合译为一个汉语复句。比起译为三个独立的句子,意义上更加连贯而结构更紧凑。原文中后两个简单句所表达的内容实际上也是别人问到自己的职业时的尴尬状,意义上与前面的句子联系紧密而句子又短,所以可以用合译。原文中最后两个句子的主语“I”被省译,两个句子的位置在译文中作了调整,用了倒译法。因此,合译也是一个综合性的翻译过程,可能涉及到省译法、倒译法等翻译方法的使用。
I.分译法的使用
A.
(1)形容词
3.He is having an identifiable trouble with his teeth.
4.The day dawned misty and overcast.
5.As a shy young visitor to Einstein’s home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said,” I have something to show you.”
(2)副词
6.Frankly, are you interested in going?
7.Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically.
8.Characterically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
这类副词常常和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,相对说来与句子的主要部分关系不十分密切,只是对整个句子进行解释或说明。
(3)动词
9.We recognize and share China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony.
(4)名词
10.She left home a child and came back a mother of three children.
11.As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.
B.
将原文中的一个短语译为一个句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的汉语句子。可能进行分译的短语有:
(1)分词短语
12.He was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years.
13.He handed me my draft of the plan completely modified.
(2)介词短语
14.The fire started during the workmen’s dinner hour.
15.With all his faults, I like him.
(3)名词短语
16.Alice, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it.
17.You should consult your advisor, Dr. John H. Olson, Room 125D Science Wing, Phone 715 232-2604, concerning the planning of your program.
C.
18.But underneath the sympathetic talk, they actually feel a little wistful envy of the men who brave the winds, rain, snow, cold, and storms upon the restless water.
19.A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.
将两个定语从句分译为单独的汉语句子,使原文的一个主从复合句在译文中成为三个句子。在分译过程中,分别重复了关系代词所指代的“年轻女士”和“少校”。
20.We have nothing to do with David Swan until we find him at the age of twenty on the main road from his home to the City of Boston where his uncle, a businessman, is going to give him work in the store which he owns.
原句中以until 引导的状语从句和以where 引导的定语从句分别译为汉语单独的句子。其中介词短语to the city of Boston 和名词a businessman 又各自译为句中的分句。
II.合译法的使用
A.将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为一个汉语单句
21.It was 2 a.m. on a hot August night. In a San Francisco suburb, a man staggered out of a bar.
22.People are the same everywhere. They are born. They are babies. They are children. They are adults. They grow old. They die.
B.将英语的并列句合译为汉语单句
23.Her dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her body nicely.
她一身素装简单而合身。
C.将英语的主从复合句译为汉语单句
24.That’s the only thing we can do now.
25.That’s why you should put one item of information on each of information card.
D.将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为汉语的一个联合复句
26.Pitcher was a quiet man. He didn’t usually let his face show his feelings.