英语中什么是简单句，并列句和复合句

本内容摘自《高中英语语法通霸》2016版

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考点精讲精练

句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

考点1.    简单句

只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：

He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

（画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）

改错：
It not only costs little money but also comfortable.

答案与解析：第一个谓语是实义动词，第二个是系表结构，应带be，因此要在also前加is。

考点2.    并列句（参看P.159第2讲）

改错：

①    He likes English, his English is very good. ×

②    His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×

当一个句子中含有两个简单句时，就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号连接两个简单句是错误的。

这时我们可以用and, but, or等并列连词来连接这两个句子；也可以用分号（;）来连接。此时，这两个简单句（此时也可称作分句）之间是并列关系，不能说一个分句作了另一个分句的什么成分。

用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。

上两句可以改为：

①    He likes English；his English is very good. (用分号连接)
He likes English, so/and his English is very good.

②    His wife was ill; he had to stay at home. (用分号连接)
His wife was ill, so/and he had to stay at home.

考点3.    复合句

A.    用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。

还是先看上面的两个错句：

①    He likes English, his English is very good. ×

②    His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×

我们还可以用从属连词来连接。这两句话可改为：

①    Because he likes English, his English is very good.
When he likes English, his English is very good.

②    Because his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
When his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.

先看第一个句子。当用because连接时，译为“因为他喜欢英语，（所以）他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的原因。因此：“his English is very good”是主句，“because he likes English” 是原因状语从句。

当用when连接时，译为“当他喜欢英语时，他的英语非常好”。 主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“当他喜欢英语时”是他英语好的时间。因此，“his English is very good”是主句，“when he likes English” 是时间状语从句。

同理，句②修改后，前面分别为原因状语从句和时间状语从句，后面是主句。

像上面这样，用从属连词连接两个简单句之后，一个句子是主要的（主句），另外一个句子（从句）是说明主要句子发生的时间、原因、条件等，这样构成的句子称为复合句。

B.    当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。从词或词组升级后的句子是从句，除从句以外的是主句，整个句子是复合句。

①  The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时，句子就含有两个主谓结构，一个是the boy is my brother，是主句；who is wearing a hat是the boy的定语，称为定语从句。who既作从句成分，又起着从属连词的作用。）

②  I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
I was doing my homework when he came in.
（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句，when是从属连词。）

③   It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
What he said is wrong.
（what he said，是一个主谓结构。what he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构，what he said作主语， is wrong系表结构作谓语，因此，本句是复合句。what he said是主语从句。）

从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：

C.   一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句或状语从句等时，这个句子就是复合句。

练习1.        判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。

1.     We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.

2.     The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

3.     There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

4.     My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.

5.     He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6.     He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

7.     Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

8.     What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

9.     The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

10.  Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

11.  Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm.

12.  It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

13.  Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.

14.  We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.

15.  Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.

考点4.    引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别

练习2.        说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。

1.     You can find it where you left it.（     ）

2.     Tell me the address where he lives.（     ）

3.     I don’t know where he comes from.（     ）

4.     Where he was born is not known yet.（     ）

5.     This place is where they once lived.（     ）

考点5.    一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题

直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就要考虑连接词的问题。我们有三种方法来改正这个错句：

A.    改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来把它们连接起来；或者把逗号改为分号。

B.    改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。

C.   改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉，从而使其变成独立主格结构。（参看P. 119）

I like English, my English is very good. ×

可以改为：

并列句：
I like English and my English is very good.
I like English, so my English is very good.
I like English; my English is very good.

复合句：
As/Because I like English, my English is very good.
（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
When I like English, my English is very good.
（含有时间状语从句的复合句）

简单句：
I liking English, my English is very good.
(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)

再如：I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
可以改为：

并列句：
I have a house and/but its windows are very big.
I have a house; its windows are very big.

复合句：
I have a house, whose windows are very big.
 (含有定语从句的复合句)

简单句：
I have a house, its windows very big.
(后面为独立主格结构)

考点6.    两个分句一般只用一个连词

用了“因为（because, as, since等）”不用“所以(so)”；用了“虽然(although, though)”不用“但是（but）”。

改错：

Because I like English, so I am good at it.

Although he is not intelligent, but he does well in all his subjects.

答案： 第一句去so；第二句去but。

注意：有时so, but和and等词可以用在第一个分句句首，实际上是和前面所说的相联系，而不是连接后一个分句。如：

So if you don’t like it, you can give up.
因此，如果你不喜欢，你可以放弃。

And when they get there, General Forrest will take care of them.
而且他们一到那里, 福雷斯特将军就会好好照顾他们.

练习3.        利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。

1.     Five people won the “ China’s green figure” award, a title ______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. is given                              B. was given
C. being given                         D. given

2.     All the preparations for the task ______, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed                          B. complete 
C. had been completed           D. have been completed

3.     【2006辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most ______ were from Germany. 
A. study; of whom                 B. study; of them   
C. studying; of them              D. studying; of whom  

4.     Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ______ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining        B. whose faces shining
C. their faces shining              D. faces shining whose

5.     Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood                                 B. standing 
C. to stand                              D. were standing

6.     I have five friends, some of ______ are businessmen.
A. that        B. whom             C. they                D. them

7.     I have five friends, but none of ______ are business-men.
A. that        B. whom             C. they                D. them

8.     【2013上海】________ at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
A. To look                              B. Looking
C. Having looked                    D. Look

 

 综合能力提升

I.        单句改错

A.    注意分句连接

1.     【2014新课标Ⅰ】 Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.

2.     【2005天津】As she gave it to me, when the phone rang and she went to answer it.

3.     【2006全国Ⅰ】They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.

4.     【2004全国Ⅱ】But I have spent most my money, so I cannot even go out of town. （不要受心理定势影响）

5.     【2013 辽宁】With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.

6.     【2013 新课标Ⅰ】He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.

7.     【2009陕西】Some friends of his go to see him everyday, they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit.

8.     My name is Zhang Hong, and 20 years old.

B.    注意并列成分

9.     【2014大纲卷】The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.

10.  【2014新课标Ⅱ】We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music.

11.  【2005湖北】In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good.

12.  【2009重庆】However, every kind of Chinese food is worth trying, because each has a delicious taste and good for health.

13.  I didn’t communicate with others in English and not willing to practice it either.

14.  【2012全国大纲Ⅰ】For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there?

15.  【2008浙江】I headed for the company, feeling sure I would easily finish 300 envelops in five hours and to earn the money.

16.  【2015课标Ⅱ】A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.

II.      语法填空（每空至多填三词）

（由高考真题中改错题改编）

17.  【2004天津】At weekends, we would play basketball, ______（游泳）in the pool or go for a picnic.

18.  【2004全国Ⅱ】I am thinking of making a trip to London, and ______（visit）the British Museum and some parks.

19.  【2004湖南】Then, I put my book under my desk, ______ (open) it and started looking for the answers.

20.  【2004福建】She stopped to look out of the window and ______ (find) a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.

21.  【2005浙江】At first I was not quite willing to sit down and ______ (观看) the 90-minute football match.

22.  【2011浙江】I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or ______ （面对）my cousin again.

III.    写作技能提升

23.  非常感谢你，你不仅给了我生命，而且教我如何做一个好人。（thank you so much for, not only, but also）

24.  我特别喜欢坐在你身旁，听你讲故事。（particularly enjoy, tell stories）

25.  在过去，我们不得不静静地坐在桌旁，听老师讲。（had to, in silence, pay attention to, what）

26.  我仍然记得那天很早就起床，对那个新世界感到忧虑。（remember, feel anxious about the new world）

27.  我梦想站在教室的讲台上，给可爱的孩子们上课。（dream of, platform, give lessons to）

28.  他和同学们相处很好，总是乐意帮助别人。（ready）