加载中…本周英文课程概要(Sun, April 28th, 2012)
(2012-04-29 11:54:08)
标签：
杂谈 |
分类： 在美国生活的日子里 |
A.
（一）Unseparable:
（二）Separable:
（三）老师列出的常用动词短语：take
B.
C.
(A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
(B)
1.
2.
I
3.
Yes,
4.
世界周刊,
Aviation
5.
Sold
6.
basketball-
JB
Magic
Keith
7.
Harper's
Modem
8.
Check
9.
It'
10.
750
Why
C1994------------------------------------------------Date
11.
956.
90
William
The
12.
392
Warrior
Compter
13.
Late
Late
14.
Coffee
15.
Thu,
Mon-Wen,
Fri
Sun,
Glossary of Library Terms
A
Abridged – a shortened or reduced version of a novel
or dictionary.
Abstract – a brief, accurate summary of a book or article, or what
usually appears at the beginning of the article and states the main
ideas and conclusions. Note also, when an index not only cites an
article on your subject, but also provides a brief summary, the
article is said to be abstracted.
Access Point – Indexed, searchable fields of a record in a database
used to retrieve information. These fields can include the author's
name, subject, date, title, report number, etc., that a researcher
looks up in access tools (below).
Access Tool – A finding tool in print or electronic format which
leads you to other information sources. Examples include a
bibliography, catalog, abstracting service, database, search
engine.
Almanac – a one-volume collection, published each year, of useful
and interesting facts (i.e., World Book Almanac).
AND – The Boolean operator used to narrow a search by specifying
that the words or phrases connected by AND will both be present in
the retrieved results.
Annotation – a description of each item selected to be used in a
research paper, i.e., annotated bibliography.
Annual – a yearly publication.
Anthology – a collection of extracts from the works of various
authors, or works of literature or art.
Atlas – a book of maps and geographic tables.
Audiovisual Media Services – library services that help patrons
locate non-book resources, i.e., films, videos, podcasts and
recordings, in support of college curriculum and research.
Author – the person who is responsible for the writing and
intellectual content of a book or article. Two or more persons
collaborating on a work are called joint authors. If an
organization (companies, conferences, governments and their
agencies, associations, etc.) is responsible for the written
material they are considered an corporate author.
B
Bibliographic Citation – all necessary information to uniquely
identify a particular publication. Typically includes author,
title, journal or publisher, date, and pages.
Bibliography – a list of books, articles, documents, etc., usually
related to a particular author or a specific subject. In a research
paper it may also be called WORKS CITED or REFERENCE LIST.
Biography – source that has background and other personal
information about someone living or dead. (Called an AUTOBIOGRAPHY
when the author writes about him/herself).
Book Review – evaluation of a new book expressing an opinion on the
quality of the material.
Bookmarks/Favorites/Tagging – method of marking and retrieving
specific Web sites. Many Web browsers enable you to store bookmark
collections on your personal machine; Tagging allows you to store
favorite sites in a web-based bookmark account (example:
del.icio.us).
Boolean Logic – a method of logic (developed by George Boole, a
19th-century English mathematician) which uses the logical
operators - AND, OR, and NOT - to combine two or more search terms
to increase or lesson the amount found. Boolean logic (Operators)
The connectors AND, OR, NOT used to combine key words or subjects
to narrow, broaden or limit a computer search.
Bound Periodical – a number of issues, usually one year, held
together in one hard-back volume.
Browser – software used to access the World Wide Web. Browsers are
client software that accesses information from the World Wide Web
Servers. Examples include Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla,
etc.
C
Call Number – a designated set of letters and/or numbers used to
identify a particular item in the collection by subject and
location on the shelf. St. John's uses the Library of Congress
classification system to create their call numbers, whereas many
public libraries may use the Dewey Decimal system.
Catalog – a card-file system or electronic database holding
information which describes the materials contained in the library,
indexed by author, title, and subject. An access tool used to learn
what a library owns and where it is located. A standard format is
used to describe books, journals, audiovisual holdings, etc. Most
catalogs are now online or computerized to allow keyword searching
as well. See also OPAC. (The St. John's Library Catalog/OPAC is
accessible through
this link, also found on the main library webpage.)
Check for Full Text – clicking on this link within a St. John's
database that allows a user to check our libraries' electronic
journal holdings and print holdings to see if the library has the
cited material. If the library does not have access to the
material, the same interface can be used to order the material
through interlibrary loan.
Circulation – refers to library department whose main function is
to check out books and ensure that books are returned by the due
date. Materials that may be borrowed are called CIRCULATING, and
materials such as Reference books that may not be borrowed are
called NONCIRCULATING.
Citation / Citation Information – a reference note that fully
identifies a publication. A complete citation usually includes
author, title, name of journal (if the citation is to an article)
or publisher (if to a book), or Internet address or URL (if to a
website), and date. The form of the citation depends on the style
required, for example: Modern Language Association (MLA) or
American Psychological Association (APA).
Copy Card(s) – instead of using coins to make photocopies or print
from library computers, students may use flex funds from their
StormCard or other patrons may purchase a copy card from designated
machines in the library.
Controlled Vocabulary – a list of descriptors or subject headings
used to describe items in a bibliographic database.
Copyright – the legal provision of exclusive rights to reproduce
and distribute a work. Under U.S. Public Law 94-553, these rights
are granted to the author, composer, artist, etc. for his/her
lifetime plus 50 years thereafter. Some provisions for educational
use of material is addressed under the Fair Use sections of
copyright law as well. For more see the government web site for
Copyright.
Cross-Reference – a record that refers you from one subject heading
to another heading which might also be helpful for your research
topic. Used in catalogs, thesauri and indexes, the cross reference
entries might be prefaced by the words: See, See also (SA), Use,
Use for (UF), Broader Term (BT) , Narrower Term (NT).
Current Periodicals – recent, unbound journals or magazines that
are located in the Periodicals area of the St. John's
library.
D
Database– a regularly updated, organized information file system
that is rapidly searchable and retrievable by computer. The
libraries' databases can either serve as an index -- providing
information ABOUT a document (title, author, subject headings,
source) -- or serve as an full-text database, providing the
citation information and access to the document itself. (Databases
available to you at St. John's Libraries)
Depository Library – a library legally designated to receive,
without charge, copies of all or a selected portion of government
publications in exchange for making them available to that
library's community.
Descriptor/Subject term– an indexing term used to designate the
subject of a work. Descriptors are generally used when searching
computerized indexes.
Dissertation – publication reporting original research that is a
requirement for a Ph.D. degree.
Document Delivery – library service to provide users with access to
books, articles, or other materials located in storage or at a
branch library. Check with someone at the Circulation Desk for help
obtaining resources from other locations.
Domain – internet address of the organization hosting a web page.
Examples include .com, .net, .org, .info, etc. Government (.gov,
.mil ) and education (.edu) are regulated domains, other domains
are registered through ICANN.
E
Edition – all copies of a book printed at one time. If changes are
made before the book is printed again, the next printing becomes a
NEW EDITION or SECOND PRINTING.
Editor – the person responsible for compiling a collection of
writings by different authors.
E-journal – A journal published in electronic format. An e-journal may be published solely in electronic format, or may be the electronic version of a Journal which also appears in print. (NOTE: Some older journals and some older issues of current e-journals may not yet be available in electronic format because it takes time and money to convert print to e-formats) (Browse or Search the e-journals available at St. John's Libraries)
Encryption – a method of encoding data so that it cannot be read
except by someone who has the key to decode it. Theoretically
encryption could guarantee the privacy of information sent over the
Internet but some encryption codes have been broken by unauthorized
people.
Encyclopedia – Collection of articles (published in print as a
book, set of books or published electronically), containing
information on subjects in many fields of knowledge or a specific
field.
Explication – explanation or interpretation of a poem, story or
drama. An explicator is a bibliography of articles about a literary
work. Most explicators are specific, i.e., Poetry Explicator.
F
FAQ – an acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. A FAQ page on a
website addresses questions that are asked regularly by new
users.
Footnote – explanatory information about material in the text,
numbered consecutively and usually placed below the text.
Format – physical form of an information source or the manner in
which information is presented. Examples of formats include print,
audiovisual, electronic, digital, microform, etc. A magazine can be
in print or microformat, whereas a vodcast or videotape is in an
audiovisual format.
Full-text database – database that gives the users access to
citation information and the entire text of an article or
book which has been entered or scanned into a database (instead of
just a citation and summary or brief description).
G
Government Documents – all materials published by government:
federal, state, local, or foreign. While many government documents
are available on the Web, some are still delievered in print form
only. Consulting a Government Documents librarian will help you to
locate the government information you need. (More on Government
Documents)
H
Hold – a hold guarantees that when a book is returned to the
Circulation desk it will be kept for you.
Home Page – The "cover" page of a Web site, or the web page you see
first when you access a web site. It may include an index to the
contents of the pages that comprise a Web site.
Holdings – a set of fields that shows exactly which years and
volumes of that serial are available.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) – coding language focussing on
data-display, used to create webpages so that information (text and
graphics) can be displayed in various different web browsers.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – the Internet Protocol used to
transfer hypertext documents from an internet server to a client
computer. Other common Internet Protocols are gopher and ftp.
Hypertext – document that has links to other documents imbedded in
it.
Humanities – the subjects of archaeology and classical studies,
area studies, folklore, history, language and literature, literary
and political criticism, performing arts, philosophy, religion and
theology, and other related subjects. HUMANITIES INDEX helps you
find articles in these areas, as will the databases suggested in
the
Resources by Subjects pages.
I
Imprint – the place of publication, the name of the publisher, and
the date of publication of a book.
Index – an alphabetical listing of the contents of a book, journal,
or collection. Also, a listing of citations organized by subject.
Articles included in an index, like the Reader's Guide to
Periodical Literature or InfoTrac, are said to be indexed.
Information Literacy – the ability to define problems in terms of
information needs, and subsequently locate, evaluate, and apply
information effectively and ethically. (more on
Information Literacy)
Interlibrary Loan (ILL) – exchange of books or photocopies of
journal articles between libraries for a brief period. Enables
patrons, in some cases for a fee, to borrow materials not owned by
St. John's. (more on Interlibrary
Loan)
Issue – a periodical of a certain date (the Summer 2007 issue of
the Journal of Catholic Social Thought).
J
Journal – a periodical containing scholarly articles and/or current
information on research and development in a particular subject
field. May also be called MAGAZINE or PERIODICAL.
K
Keyword – Important word in a title, abstract, etc. Doing a keyword
search may help you discover the descriptors/subject terms used by
the chosen database. In some journals, (ex: Psychology) keyword is
also used to describe the word/s the authors assign to describe the
content of their articles. Keywords may or may not overlap with
descriptors/subject headings.
Keyword searching – Keyword searching allows you to retrieve
information in a database by looking for a word or combination of
words. Key words can be used in general (free-text) or in specific
fields, such as title or subject.
L
Librarian – a member of the St. John's faculty trained in finding
and managing information services and resources. The Librarians at
St. John's (as at most Acadmic Institutions) have advanced degrees
(Master's or PhDs) in at least 2 disciplines, so consulting a
subject specialist librarian with expertise in your field will
help you make the most of the library's resources -- electronic,
print and people!
Library of Congress Subject Headings – terms used by the Library of
Congress to describe and classify areas of knowledge, listed in a
four volume set of books.
Literary Criticism – books or articles that discuss and/or judge an
author's writing.
M
Magazine – periodical for popular reading, aimed at a general
audience, with generally no references.
Media – films, videos, tapes, cds mp3s, records and other
audio-visual materials that require the use of special listening or
viewing equipment.
MegaSearch – federated search utility that enables you to search
multiple St. John's Library resources simultaneously.
MegaSearch "Quick Search" [
How do I?], performs a broad search of the Libraries' catalog,
several of our most popular databases, electronic reference
resources, and Google Scholar all at once. Advanced
MegaSearch [
How do I?] allows the user to choose specific databases to
search. MegaSearch by Subject gives you a list of broad
subjects with pre-defined resources in each that you can
search.
Microforms – Forms of reproduced information sources that are too
small to be read unaided, without enlargement. These reproduction
formats use microphotography to reproduce information onto either a
thin piece of film, i.e., MICROFILM (a roll of film, usually 35 mm)
or MICROFICHE (a transparent 4" x 6" sheet of film). Some older
publications are preserved on Microform -- viewing them requires
the use of a microfilm reader. Consult someone at the Periodicals
desk for assistance using these information formats.
Monograph – a book.
N
Natural Language Search – A search statement expressed in normal
language. Example: Why is the sky blue? What role did jazz play in
Langston Hughes' poetry? (as opposed to a search statement of Jazz
AND Huges AND Poetry)
Network – Two or more computers connected to share information. Within a limited area, a building or a campus, called a LAN (Local Area Network), in a wider area, a WAN (Wide Area Network).
Networked Database – a database located on a central server so that it can be accessed by multiple users, either on or off-campus. E-reserve articles and the library databases are networked databases.
Non-circulating materials – items that must be used in the
library, i.e., reference books, periodicals and some reserve
materials.
O
OPAC - On-line Public Access Catalog – electronic database holding
information which describes the materials contained in the library,
indexed by keyword, author, title, and subject. An access tool used
to learn whether the library owns a particular book, government
document or periodical and to find out where it is located. (see
also CATALOG). (The St. John's Library Catalog/OPAC is accessible
through this
link, also found on the main library webpage.)
Operators – words such as AND, OR, and NOT that are used to combine
search terms to broaden or narrow the results of a search.
Combining terms using operators is sometimes called Boolean
searching.
OR – The OR operator broadens a search by including any of the
terms. Examples: cinema OR film OR movie OR moving picture OR
documentary.
P
Periodical – a magazine, journal, serial or newspaper publication
appearing at regular intervals over a period of time; examples
include: daily, weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, etc. A
periodical might also be referred to as a serial publication (a
periodical is one type of serial publication).
Periodical Indexes and Abstracts – periodical indexes list articles
which have appeared in journals, magazines, or newspapers. They
list citation information, including: author, title, name of
periodical, volume, pages and date of publication. If they include
an "abstract," that means an article summary follws the citation
information. Some Indexes and Abstracts are only available in print
format, others are accessible through electronic databases.
Plagiarism – Plagiarism is incorporating someone else’s work into
your work without giving proper credit to the original source.
Citations let your audience know what work is yours and what is the
work of others; failure to cite sources properly qualifies as
plagarism, and is a serious breach of ethics, inside and outside
the academic world. (More on
Preventing & Avoiding Plagiarism)
Podcast – a digital audio file that is either hosted on a
webpage or, strictly speaking, distributed to the listeners via RSS
subscription. (More on Podcasts
at St. John's Libraries)
Primary Source – research resource which is a fundamental or
original document or creative work relating to a particular subject
or event, A first-hand report by a writer, scientist, artist,
musician or observer. Examples include: diaries, letters, some
newspaper articles, an eyewitness account, an autobiography, a lab
report, a painting, an original musical score or a court
transcript.
Q
R
Reference Materials– resources that allow users to locate facts or
identify information quickly. Reference Books are housed in a
reference room as part of a reference collection, and contain many
sources of information, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries,
almanacs, directories or statistical compilations. They may also
have bibliographies, indexes and abstracts. Reference materials
usually do not leave the library.
Reference Librarian – specialist in the field of information
retrieval. A Reference Librarian in an academic setting has a
Master's degree in library science, as well as another graduate
degree or two in a specific discipline. Reference Librarians are
available to help you find the information you are looking for you
can contact them: 1) at the reference desk, via the email-Reference
service, AskUs,
or by making a
1:1 appointment.
Reserve Reading & e-reserves – The Reserve Reading
area in the physical library is where required books or
print-article readings for class are kept for use in the library.
Articles that are available electronically can be accessed through
the library e-reserve system. (More
on Reserves at St. John's Libraries)
Reviews – a critical commentary in an information source which
often includes an analysis, evaluation, interpretation or critique
of the content and quality of books, movies, software, etc.; it
often includes the author's/reviewer's opinion.
Revised Edition – an edition of a book which incorporates changes
made by its author or editor since the publication of an earlier
edition. In certain fields where timeliness is very important
(science, medicine, technology, etc.), the reader should be
particularly alert to updated, revised editions of earlier
works.
RSS – rich site summary or really simple syndication. RSS is a
an XML-based application that allows a "subscriber" to get
automatic notification when content on a website is updated.
Generally the notification is displayed in an RSS reader (example
Googlereader, MyYahoo, RefWorkRSS)
S
Scholarly Journal – a periodical containing scholarly articles on
research and development. Usually characterized by a list of
references at the end of the article, and written by person (s)
trained in the subject area.
Sciences – the subject fields of astronomy, atmospheric science,
biology, botany, chemistry, earth science, environment and
conservation, food and nutrition, genetics, mathematics, medicine
and health, microbiology, oceanography, physics, physiology, and
zoology. The GENERAL SCIENCE INDEX can help you find articles in
these areas, as will the databases suggested in the
Resources by Subjects pages.
Search Engine – a navigational tool to search the Web by topic or
keyword using Natural language searching, examples include Google, Ask, Yahoo, etc. Note:
search engines will return a list of sites containing your search
terms, but the results are not "reviewed" for you. While Google Scholar and Scirus search engines do have
some criteria for inclusion in their collections, you still need to
review all search engine results for credibility and reliability.
(More Tools
and Tips for Search Engines)
Search Strategy – methodology for focusing your research on a
particular topic; the plan or steps taken to locate research
materials. Creating a Search Strategy involves determining the
information needed, the kinds of resources needed (primary,
secondary, books, articles, etc) and formulating keywords and
concepts that will make your search results more appropriate.
Secondary Source – any material other than the original document,
which interprets and analyzes primary sources; something written or
reported about someone else's work. Examples include: textbooks,
criticism, commentaries, encyclopedias, etc.
Serial – any publication issued at intervals or in parts and
usually intended to be continued indefinitely such as periodicals,
yearbooks, annuals, etc.
Social Sciences – the subject fields of anthropology, economics,
environment, geography, law and criminology, planning and public
administration, political science, psychology, social aspects of
medicine, sociology, etc. The SOCIAL SCIENCES INDEX can help you
find articles in these areas, as will the databases suggested in
the
Resources by Subjects pages.
Sources – materials that are used as the basis of research. They can be primary or secondary sources. (i.e., works by Hemmingway (primary source) or works about him or his work (secondary source)).
Special Collections – location of rare books, manuscript
collections, University Archives and collections of historical maps
and photographs.
Stacks – book shelves containing the principal book collection of
the library. Open stacks are open for browsing; closed stacks
require assistance from a library staff member.
Style Manual – a book containing rules for citing the information
you incorporate into your research; MLA and APA are used most often
for core coursework. Print manuals are available in the Reference
area, you can also obtain online help with citation styles via the
Libraries' Citing
Sources/Refworks page.
Subject Heading – words or phrases assigned to books and articles
to index these items by topic. These words can be used as an access
point to a bibliographic record in the catalog and also used to
identify topics in a book or periodical index. Determining the
correct headings (also called descriptors) for a specific database
or catalog is important for effective research. See also Controlled
Vocabulary and Thesaurus.
Subject Periodical Index – a periodical index which is limited to
periodicals within a specific subject area. Examples: The ART INDEX
and BUSINESS PERIODICALS INDEX can help you find articles in these
areas, as will the databases suggested in the
Resources by Subjects pages.
Supplement – section added to a book or journal after it has been
published to provide more up-to-date information or to focus on a
special topic.
T
Thesaurus – a list words showing similarities, differences,
dependencies and other relationships to each other (i.e., ERIC
Thesaurus); a list of all subject headings or descriptors used in a
particular database, catalog, or index. The thesaurus for most
library catalogs is called the Library of Congress Subject
Headings.
Thesis/Theses – publication(s) reporting original research that are
a requirement for a Masters Degree.
Title Page – the first important page in a book. It contains the
title of the book, the author(s), editor(s), or organization
responsible for the intellectual content of the work, the edition
(unless it is the first), and the place of publication, publisher,
and date of publication. (The date is sometimes located on the
reverse side of the title page.)
Truncation – the ability to enter the first part of a keyword, or
to insert a symbol which helps retrieve all possible endings of
that word. The OPAC and Infotrac use the asterisk (*), other
databases may use other symbols ( ?), ( #), ($). For example, it
may be beneficial to truncate the word "microcomputer" into
"microcomput" or "microcomput*"in order to retrieve items with the
terms "microcomputers" and "microcomputing" as well as the
original, singular term.
U
Unabridged – complete (not shortened) version of a novel or
dictionary.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – The distinct address of a web
site; the method for stating the exact address or location of
resources on the Web. URLs are case sensitive, so they must be
entered exactly as given. As an example, the URL for the library at
St. John's is: http://www.stjohns.edu/academics/libraries
V
Virtual Library – access to electronic information in a variety of
remote locations through a local online catalog or other gateway,
such as the Internet
Vodcast– a digital audiovisual file that is either hosted on a
webpage or, strictly speaking, distributed to the listeners via RSS
subscription.
Volume – a single book or bound periodical, often part of a set of
books or series of periodicals.
W
Web Page – a file containing text and often graphics, which can be
reached by link from any other web page.
World Wide Web– (WWW or W3 or "The Web") An "area" of the Internet
using multimedia and hypertext links to communicate information.
The web is a hypertext-based, distributed information system in
which users may create, edit, or browse hypertext documents. An
Internet system of servers that supports access to documents
formatted in markup languages as well as links to other documents,
graphics, audio, and video files. Note: the WWW is part of the
internet, not all internet websites are www sites.
X
XML – eXtensible Markup Language: a coding language that was
designed to focus on describing data rather than focussing on
displaying data (like HTML). In describing data, XML makes the
content/data of an XML document more "portable." (For example, an
RSS feed in XML allows the content/data of a web page to be
displayed in any number of ways in RSS readers.)
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