CIGAR.  The cigar originated in the Caribbean islands as tobacco leaves in a corn husk and, after Christopher Columbus observed it in 1492, spread to the Iberian Peninsula and into various Spanish possessions. In about 1670 it was taken to India by the Portuguese. Its entry into northern Europe resulted from the mingling of British and French troops in Spain in the Peninsular War.

雪茄烟。雪茄烟起源于加勒比海群岛，是包在一种玉米叶中的烟叶，在克里斯多弗·哥伦布注意它之后，传播到伊比利亚半岛，并进入到西班牙属地。大约在1670年，葡萄人将其带到印度。它进入北欧起因于在半岛战争中英国和法国军队在西班牙的混合。

   Kinds of Cigars.  Cigars are classified basically by shape. The kinds include Coronas (round, straight, roundly blunt head), panatelas (long, slender with straight sides, ends pointed or blunt), Perfectos (thick in the middle, slightly tapering at ends), Londres (cylindrical, blunt on one end), Bouquets (medium-sized with large belly, tapered at both ends), and Clubs (full-bodied, large), Cheroots and stogies, and of tobacco not used in standard cigars, are open at both ends and have no heads. Countless modifications exist, largely as a result of the use of machinery.

    雪茄烟的种类。雪茄烟基本上是按形状分类的。种类包括Coronas皇冠雪茄烟（圆形，笔直，圆钝头），panatelas细长雪茄烟（长的，细长的带直边的，末端尖或钝），Perfectos两头尖的中型雪茄烟（中间粗，末端逐渐变细），和Clubs俱乐部（丰满，大号），Cheroots（方头雪茄烟） 和stogies（廉价细长的雪茄烟），以及标准雪茄烟不用的烟草，两端开口，无头。这主要是用机器生产的，需要改进的方面很多。

   Cigars once were assorted into six colors, but by 1930 they could be mechanically assorted into 32 shades. Better cigars once were made of filler fragments as long as the cigar; low-priced cigars used short filler. This changed, however, when the industry began using reconstituted leaf (good-quality elastic leaf made of scraps and stems).

    雪茄烟曾经被分成六种颜色，但到了1930年，可以用机械的方式将它们分成32种色度。较好的雪茄烟曾经用与雪茄烟同样长的填充烟丝制成；低价的雪茄使用的是填充的短烟丝。然而，当该行业开始使用再造烟叶时（由碎叶和茎梗制成的优质弹性烟叶）这种情形发生了改变。

   For cheap cigars, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Manila filler is used with Connecticut and Wisconsin binders, along with Sumatra leaf or shade-grown wrappers from the United States. The finest cigar has a Cuban filler, binder, and wrapper (but Sumatra wrappers constitute the highest standard of grade uniformity in wrappers). Besuki binder, grown in eastern Java, is the best quality binder. Havana (or Cuban) leaf, once deemed indispensable in the cigar industry, has been replaced by flavorings, blended grades of leaf, or substitute leaf.

    对廉价的雪茄烟而言，宾夕法尼亚州、俄亥俄州和马尼拉的雪茄填充烟丝与康涅狄格州和威斯康星州的粘合剂，连同产自美国的苏门答腊烟叶或阴地生长的外包烟叶一起使用。最好的雪茄烟用一种古巴的填充烟丝、粘合剂和外包烟叶（但苏门答腊的外包烟叶是外包烟叶中等级统一的最高标准）。爪哇岛东部生长的粘合剂是最好的粘合剂。爪哇岛（或古巴）的烟叶在雪茄烟行业中曾经认为是不可或缺的，现已经被调味的，混合等级的烟叶或替代烟叶所取代。

   How Cigars Are Made.  The cigar remained largely handmade until soon after Rufus L. Patterson, of North Carolina, developed bunching and rolling machines in 1917. Before that, production equipment consisted of a board, a gauge, and a knife.

雪茄烟是如何制成的。在北卡罗来纳的鲁弗斯·L. 帕特森于1917年制造出卷烟机前，雪茄烟在很大程度上是手工制作。在那之前，生产设备包括一块木板，一个量规和一把刀。

   Manufacture has remained basically unchanged except for the application of machinery. Roughly the steps include rendering the leaf pliable with moisture, assorting it, spraying with flavorings, removing the midrib, fabricating the bunch, or inner central part of the cigar, applying the binder leaf to give shape, encasing the bunch in the wrapper leaf, pasting the head, and cutting the cigar to the proper length. The end that goes in the mouth is the head; the other end is the tuck. Wrapping begins at the tuck and continues to the head, where the wrapper is fastened with a paste, usually of gum tragacanth.

    除了机器的应用外，生产基本上保持不变。大致的步骤包括使含水分的烟叶变得柔韧，分类，调味，祛除中脉，制作烟丝，或雪茄烟的内部中间部分，用粘合剂使烟叶成型，将烟丝包入外包烟叶中，粘贴烟头，并将雪茄烟切成合适的长度。入嘴的一端为头部端；另一端为尾端。外包烟叶从尾端开始缠绕，一直到头部端，到此，用一种通常是黄蓍胶的糊状物进行固定。

   History.  By 1850 the English had developed a wooden mold that doubled cigar production, and the mold had gained general acceptance by 1880. In the 1890’s machines were introduced for partial removal of midribs of leaf and for stacking the leaf flat (in books). The suction table, also introduced in the 1890’s, aided in cutting the wrapper but, even more significantly, it moved the industry from homes to factories. At this stage the cigar, originally spread by soldiers, sailors, and immigrants from Europe, became the object of advertising.

    历史。到了1850年，英国人发明了一种生产雪茄翻倍的木制模具，到1880年该模具获得了普遍接受。在20世纪90年代中引进了部分祛除烟叶中脉和将烟叶平辅的机器（如书籍的方式）。在20世纪90年代也引进了帮助切割外包烟叶的吸盘，更重要的是它将该产业从家庭带进了工厂。这时雪茄烟起初是由士兵、水手和来自欧洲的移民传播的，现在成为了广告的对象。

   Patterson introduced his complete cigar-making machine in 1917, and within five years it was used by virtually all large cigar manufacturers. The Universal Tobacco Machine Company developed a bunch machine, and soon it also introduced a superior rolling machine that put wrappers on the bunches. Its other new devices banded cigars and wrapped each in cellophane at the rate of more than 4,200 per hour. Cellophane wrapping preserves the flavor and maintains a uniform moisture content.

    帕特森于1917年推出了他整套制作雪茄烟的机器，而且在五年内，几乎所有大型的雪茄烟生产商都使用了这套机器。通用烟草机器公司开发了大批机器，不久它还推出了更好的用外包烟叶包裹烟丝的卷烟机。它的其它新装置可绑扎雪茄烟，并且以每小时超过4200支的速率用玻璃纸包装雪茄烟。玻璃纸包括保存了风味，且保持了一致的水分含量。

   During the 1950’s and 1960’s reconstituted filler, binder, and wrapper leaf were developed. They reduced waste, eliminated some minor hand operations, and produced a more uniform blend and more even burning. By the 1960’s the manufacture of cigars was almost completely automated, and the industry was concentrated in relatively few factories.

    在20世纪50年代和60年代，开发出了再造的填充烟丝、粘合剂和外包烟叶。它们减少了浪费，淘汰了一些次要的手工操作，并生产出了更为统一的混合烟料，甚至更易于燃烧。到了20世纪60年代，雪茄烟的生产几乎完全是自动的，而且该产业都相对集中在较少的一些工厂中。

   Manufacturing centers.  The first center of the cigar industry was Seville, Spain, headquarters of the Casa de Contratacion, which controlled the tobacco industry in the 1700’s. About 1800 the center of the industry gravitated to Havana but remained under rigid Spanish control. After 1820, London developed a considerable industry. Tiring of Spanish restrictions, Cuban cigar workers began moving to Key West, Fla., about 1830. In 1868, Vincente Ibor and Eduardo Gato led a group of Cuban cigar makers to Florida and founded Tampa, now a center of the industry.

    制作中心。雪茄烟产业的第一个中心是西班牙的塞维利亚，贸易之家的总部，在17世纪它控制着烟草产业。大约在18世纪，该产业的中心移至哈瓦那，但依然在西班牙严格的控制之下。1820年后，伦敦发展了一个相当可观的产业。厌倦了西班牙的限制，大约在1830年，古巴工人开始搬到佛罗里达州的基韦斯特，1868年文森特·伊布尔和爱德华·加托带领一群古巴雪茄烟制作者到达佛罗里达州，并建立了坦帕市，现在的一个该产业中心。

   Other cigar-making centers are New York City, eastern Pennsylvania, the Connecticut Valley, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Albany, all in the United States, and Manila in the Philippines. Cheap cigars have long been manufactured from Palatine or Dutch leaf in Belgium and Germany. Using tobacco cultivated in what is now Indonesia, various cities of the Netherlands, including Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Utrecht, became important centers.

    其它的雪茄烟制生产中心是纽约市、宾夕法尼亚州的东部，康涅狄格州山谷、费城、巴尔的摩、辛辛那提、圣·路易斯和奥尔巴尼，都在美国，以及菲律宾的马尼拉。在比利时和德国，廉价的雪茄烟是用巴拉汀或荷兰烟叶生产的。荷兰的各城市，包括阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹以及乌特勒支都在使用现在在印度尼西亚栽培的烟草，已成为了重要的中心。

   Marketing.  Major changes have occurred in cigar consumption in the United States. Until about 1800, cigars were smoked primarily by men of wealth, but then cheap cigars were introduced from Belgium and Germany. Demand for better quality became greater by 1865, and by 1904, Americans spent more for cigars than for any other tobacco product. In the 1960’s however, cigars held only a small share of the market, and they accounted for less than 3% of the nation’s annual tobacco tax revenue.

营销。美国的雪茄烟消费已发生了重大变化。直到大约18世纪，吸雪茄烟的主要是富人，但后来从比利时和德国引入了廉价的雪茄烟。到1865年，对更好品质的需求变得越来越大，到1904年，美国人对雪茄比对任何其它烟草产品花得钱都要多。然而，在20世纪60年代，雪茄烟只占了市场的很小份额，而且它们只占到国家年度烟草税收不到3%。

                                                 NANIE M. TILLEY, Author of

                                     “The Bright-Tobacco Industry, 1860—1929”

                                                     纳尼·M. 蒂利

                                        “烤烟产业，1860年至1929年”的作者

2022年9月28日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第6卷，第714页至716页）