TOBACCO, a plant of the genus Nicotiana and a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown as an annual crop for its leaves. It is unique among its relatives, such as the tomato, potato, and eggplant, in that the non-edible leaf is the commercially important part of the plant. The harvested leaves are dried (cured), fermented slightly, and used for smoking, chewing, and snuffing. They are also used as a source of the insecticidal alkaloid nicotine. The use of tobacco, long a controversial matter, has increasingly been condemned by the medical profession. Significant statistical differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the occurrence of lung cancer, heart disease, and other ailments have indicated that smoking may be a cause of these problems. See also SMOKING AND HEALTH.

烟草，一种烟草属植物，茄科（Solanaceae）的一员，为求其叶，作为一年生作物而种植。在其亲属中如番茄、马铃薯和茄子，它是独一无二的，因为在商业上，它不可食用的叶子是该植物重要的部分。收获的叶子被晒干（晾制），轻度发酵，用于吸烟、咀嚼和鼻吸。它们也可用于杀虫剂生物碱尼古丁的来源。使用烟草，一直是一个有争议的话题，越来越受到医学界的责难。在吸烟者和不吸烟者之间的肺癌、心脏病以及其它疾病发生率统计学的明显差异表明，吸烟可能是这些问题的一种原因。也可参阅吸烟与健康词条。

   Consumption.  Tobacco consumption is generally highest in industrialized nations. In the middle to late 1960’s, Canada led the world in per capita consumption of all tobacco products. Annual use per person over 15 years of age was 10.2 pounds (4.62kg). The United States followed closely with a per capita consumption of 10.1 pounds (4.58kg) per year. By contrast, the per capita consumption in Portugal was 2.7 pounds (1.22kg); in Rhodesia, 2 pounds (0.91kg); and in India, only 1.8 pounds (0.82kg).

    消费。烟草消费在工业化国家通常是最高的。在20世纪60年代中期至后期，加拿大在人均消费所有烟草制品方面位居世界前列。15岁以上的人，人均年使用量是10.2 磅 (4.62公斤)。美国紧随其后，每年人均消费10.1 磅 (4.58公斤)。相比之下，葡萄牙的人均消费是2.7 磅 (1.22公斤)；在罗德西亚是2 磅 (0.91公斤)；在印度只有1.8 磅 (0.82公斤)。

   Cigarettes are the most popular form of tobacco. The number smoked has increased rapidly throughout the world. The use of all other forms of tobacco has tended to be steady or lower, with a few exceptions. Cigar smoking has increased in France, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States.

    香烟是最流行的烟草形式。全世界吸烟的人数已迅速增长。除少数的形式以外，其它所有的烟草形式都趋于稳定或者降低。在法国、瑞士、土耳其和美国吸雪茄烟的人数有所增加。

   Production.  Tobacco is a high-value commodity in world trade and within the United States. It is produced in more than 80 countries. Total world production for most of the 1960’s averaged

AVERAGE TOBACCO CONSUMPTION PER ADULT PERSON PER YEAR

每年每个成年人平均烟草消费量

Country                       pounds                 kilograms

国家                           磅                       公斤

Canada                         10.2                     4.63

加拿大

United States                    10.1                     4.58

美国

Netherlands                     8.7                      3.95

荷兰

Denmark                        8.5                      3.85

丹麦

New Zealand                     8.1                      3.67

新西兰

Iceland                          7.7                      3.49

冰岛

Switzerland                      7.5                      3.40

瑞士

Belgium                         7.4                      3.36

比利时

Australia                        7.0                       3.17

澳大利亚

Ireland                          6.6                      2.99

爱尔兰

West Germany                    6.4                      2.90

西德

United Kingdom                   6.1                      2.77

英国

    Leading twelve countries. 主要的十二个国家

 

About 10.4 billion pounds (5.2 million tons, or 4.7 billion kg) per year. Of this amount the United States produced about 2 billion pounds (1 million tons, or 930 million kg), nearly one fifth of the total annual production. Other major producers are shown in the following table.

    生产量。烟草在世界贸易和美国国内是一种高价值商品。有80多个国家都在生产它。在20世纪60年代的大部分时间，世界总生产量平均每年大约为104亿磅（520万吨，或47亿公斤）。其中，美国生产了大约20亿磅（100万吨，或9.3亿公斤），几乎占了年总产量的五分之一。其它的生产国如下表所示。

 

United States              2.0 billion lbs (930 million kg)

美国                     20亿磅（9.3亿公斤）

China                    1.7 billion lbs (771 million kg)

中国                     17亿磅（7.71亿公斤）

India                   751.0 million lbs (341 million kg)

印度                     7.51亿（3.41亿公斤）

USSR                   461.0 million lbs (209 million kg)

苏联                     4.61亿磅（2.09亿公斤）

Japan                   429.0 million lbs (195 million kg)

日本                     4.29亿磅（1.95亿公斤）

Brazil                   425.0 million lbs (193 million kg)

巴西                     4.25亿磅（1.93亿公斤）

Since 1940, United States production of most tobacco types has been under government control. Total annual production has varied slightly around 2 billion pounds (930 million kg). In the mid-1960’s public concern about the effect of cigarette smoking on health caused a decline in the production of cigarette tobacco types.

自1940年以来，美国大多数烟草类型的生产都已在政府的管控之下。年总产量大约在20亿磅（9.3亿公斤）上下小幅变动。在20世纪60年代中期，公众对吸烟影响健康的关注使各类香烟烟草的生产有所下降。

   In the 1960’s tobacco ranked fifth in cash value among American farm crops, with growers receiving about $1.2 billion a year on tobacco products, of which about $4.4 billion was for local, state, and federal taxes. In addition, the United States exported about 30% of its production, benefiting its foreign trade balance by more the $500 million.

在20世纪60年代， 烟草在美国农作物中的货币价值排名第五，种植者在烟草制品的年收入约为12亿美元，其中大约44亿是用于地方、州以及联邦税收。

 

HISTORY

   The two Tobacco species of economic importance, Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica, were being cultivated by American Indians before Europeans went to the New World. N. rustica was the tobacco of tribes east of the Mississippi River and, to a limited extent, of tribes in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. N. tabacum was cultivated from Brazil northward into Central America, through most of Mexico, and in the West Indies. N. tabacum brought from Trinidad and from the Orinoco region of South America early replaced N. rustica as a crop plant in the English colonies.

历史

两种重要的经济性烟草种类，Nicotiana tabacum（普通烟草，也叫红花烟草） 和 N. rustica（黄花烟草，也叫堇烟草），是由美洲印第安人在欧洲人到达新大陆之前就在栽培的。N. rustica是在密西西比河以东部落的烟草，以及在某种程度上是美国西南部和墨西哥北部部落的烟草。从巴西向北到中美洲，穿过墨西哥的大部分地区，以及西印度群岛都栽培了N. tabacum（红花烟草）。从特立尼达岛和从南美洲奥里诺科河地区带来的N. tabacum在早期已替代了N. rustica作为一种英国殖民地的农作物。

   Columbus noted that the Indians used tobacco for smoking, chewing, and snuffing. Indians of the Caribbean region smoked the Tobago, a pipe, from which the word “tobacco” is derived, and also rolled tobacco into crude cigars.

    哥伦布注意到，印第安人用烟草来吸烟、咀嚼和鼻吸。加勒比地区的印第安人吸的是一种多巴哥烟斗，“烟草”这个词就是来源于此，而且还将烟草卷成了粗糙的雪茄烟。

   Smoking was introduced into Spain and Portugal about 1550 by sailors returning from the New World. Tobacco seeds were taken to Spain from Santo Domingo about1559 and to Rome by 1561. The plant was propagated as an ornamental and for its supposed medicinal value. Tobacco was first taken to England from Florida in 1565 by Sir John Hawkins, the English naval hero. Sir Richard Grenville, the English naval commander, in 1585, and Capt. Ralph Lane, an English colonial administrator, in 1586 brought back tobacco and pipes and thus introduced pipe smoking to England and ultimately to continental Europe.

    大约在1550年，从新大陆返回的水手将吸烟方式传入了西班牙和葡萄牙。大约在1559年，烟草种子从圣多明哥带到了西班牙，到1561年到达罗马。该植物作为观赏植物，及其据说有医用价值而被繁殖。1565年，英国海军英雄约翰·霍金斯爵士首次将烟草从佛罗里达带到了英格兰。1585年，英国海军指挥官理查德·格伦维尔爵士和拉尔夫上尉，一位英国殖民地的管理者，于1586年带回了烟草和烟斗，因此，将烟斗吸烟带到了英格兰，并最终到达欧洲大陆。

   By the first decade of the 17^th century, tobacco had been introduced into the Palatinate of Germany (now Bavaria), Russia, Turkey, Persia, the west coast of Africa, the Philippines, Japan, and China. Thus tobacco had been introduced to most of the known world before its commercial culture began at Jamestown in 1612. Tobacco use was not universally accepted, and in some parts of the world efforts were made to prohibit it. James I of England placed a punitive tax on tobacco, and severe penalties were imposed on its use in Russia and Turkey—all unsuccessful.

    到17世纪第一个十年，烟草已被引入德国的普法尔茨（现在的巴伐利亚）、俄罗斯、土耳其、波斯、亚洲西海岸、菲律宾、日本和中国。因此，烟草的商业栽培于1621年在詹姆斯顿开始前，它已经引入到大部分的已知世界。使用烟草并未被普遍接受，而在世界的一些地方人们做出努力禁止烟草。英格兰的詹姆斯一世对烟草征收了惩罚性税收，而在俄罗斯和土耳其使用它会受到严惩---但都未成功。

   Soon after John Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, began commercial culture at Jamestown in 1612, tobacco became economically important in the colonies. By 1619, exports to England were substantial. Profits were so great that restrictions on tobacco planting were imposed in 1621 to permit production of food crops. Due to scarcity of money, tobacco became a medium of exchange. It was accepted in payment of taxes and many kinds of debts and was used often to pay the salaries of public officials, colonial militia, and clergymen.

    1612年，在波卡洪塔斯的丈夫约翰·罗尔夫在詹姆斯顿开启了商业栽培后不久，烟草在殖民地经济方面变得非常重要。到了1619年，出口英国的价值巨大。利润如此之大，以至于在1621年对烟草种植进行了限制，来保障食品作物的生产。由于资金的不足，烟草成为了交换的中介。烟草被用来支付税金和多种债务，而且经常被用于支付公务人员、殖民地民兵和牧师的薪酬。

   The cigarette came into use in the United States following the Civil War. Introduction of blended tobacco during the first decade of the 20^th century popularized cigarette use and led to the greatest expansion of tobacco consumption in history. See also CIGAR; CIGARETTE.

南北战争后，烟草在美国开始使用。在20世纪第一个十年期间引入了混合烟草，普及了烟草的使用，并导致了烟草消费史上最大的扩张。也可参阅雪茄烟；香烟词条。

 

The Plant

   Tobacco belongs to the genus Nicotiana, which contains more than 60 species, most of them native to the New World. All the Old World species are confined to the Australian region. N. tabacum, a New World species, is the one grown commercially in most of the world and the only one under commercial production in the United States. N. rustica, another New World specie, is grown extensively in the USSR and certain Asian countries, though chiefly for local consumption. A few species of Nicotiana, such as N. alata and N. sylvestris, are grown as ornamentals.

植物

    烟草属于烟草属，它包含了60多个种类，它们中的大多数都是原产自新大陆。所有的旧大陆的种类都局限于澳大利亚地区。N. tabacum（普通烟草），一种新大陆的种类，是世界大部分地区商业种植的一个品种，而且是唯一在美国进行商业生产的品种。N. rustica（黄花烟草），另一个新大陆的种类，在苏联和某些亚洲国家广泛种植，不过主要用于当地消费。有少数的烟草品种，如N. alata（白花烟草）和N. sylvestris（林烟草）都是作为观赏植物种植的。

   Common tobacco, N. tabacum, is an annual with perennial tendencies. The plant is 3 to 10 feet (1—3 meters) tall and generally conical in shape. The stem is thick, with few branches. Lateral buds, or suckers, are produced in the leaf axils (the upper angle found between the leaf and the stem). Leaves are stalk-less and somewhat oval (ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate), with enormous area in comparison with other crop plants. A single plant may produce as much as 255 square feet (23.5 sq meters) of leaves. Leaf color is light to dark green, becoming a lighter shade or even yellowish green as the leaf matures. Many short-stemmed flowers are borne in a cluster (panicle) at the top of the plant. Most flowers are light pink, but color may vary from white to carmine red. The slender funnel-shaped flowers expand at the top into five lobes. The structure of the flower, which contains five stamens and a pistil, favors self-fertilization. Numerous tiny seeds are contained in a 2-compartment seedpod at maturity.

    普通烟草，N. tabacum，是一种一年生植物，可多年生长。这种植物3至10英尺（1至3米）高，通常呈圆锥形。茎粗，少有分枝。侧芽，或吸盘都长在叶腋中（在叶子和干之间呈上斜角）。叶子无茎，且呈椭圆形（卵形、椭圆形或披针状形），与其它作物相比拥有极大的面积。单株可生长出差不多255平方英尺（23.5平方米）的叶面。叶子的颜色从浅绿到深绿，在叶子成熟时会变成较浅的颜色，甚至黄绿色。许多短茎的花朵簇生（圆锥花序）在植物顶部。多数花是淡粉红色的，但颜色可能各不相同，从白色到胭脂红色。细长的漏斗状花在顶部开出五片叶。花的结构包含五个雄蕊和一个雌蕊，有利于自花授粉。成熟的两室心皮中包含了大量微小种子。

   N. rustica is more strictly an annual than is N. tabacum. Also, it is not as tall, and its stem is smaller and less woody. Its leaves are broad with rounded tips (ovate), and very thick and heavy, with clearly defined leaf stalks (petioles). The flower is pale yellow and cylindrical, but thick in shape, with five rounded lobes.

黄花烟叶相比普通烟叶是一种更严格的一年生植物。另外，它没有那么高大，其茎更小，木质更少。其叶宽阔，尖端呈圆形（卵形），而且非常厚重，拥有明确定义的叶茎（叶柄）。花朵是淡黄色和圆柱形，但形状厚重，有五个圆形叶片。

 

GROWING AND PROCESSING TOBACCO

   Requirements for labor are high in tobacco production, exceeding 300 hours per acre (740 hours per hectare).

烟草的种植和加工

   烟草生产对劳动力的要求很高，每英亩超过300个小时（每公顷740个小时）。

   Culture.  Successful tobacco culture depends upon good supply of well-developed seedlings for transplanting. In the United States these usually are produced in a type of cold frame covered with cheesecloth, plastic, or glass. Tobacco seeds are sprinkled on top of the soil and then tamped firmly into the ground. A high state of fertility and adequate soil moisture must be maintained throughout most of the growing season to ensure vigorous growth.

   栽培。成功的烟草栽培取决于用于移植，发育良好种苗的充足供应。在美国，这些通常是在一种用粗棉布、塑料或玻璃覆盖的苗床内培育的。将烟草的种子撒在土壤上，然后牢牢地将种子填塞入土壤中。在大在多数的生产季都必须保持高肥力和足够的土壤水分以确保旺盛的生长。

   Tobacco seedlings reach transplant size of 5 to 6 inches (13—15cm) in 8 to 10 weeks. Transplanting in the southernmost tobacco-growing area begins in late March and extends into June in the north. Thorough soil preparation aids seedlings in gaining an early start in growth, which often determines success or failure of the crop. Generous amounts of commercial fertilizer, and in some cases manure, are used both before transplanting and afterward as a side-dressing (placed near the roots).

烟草种苗在8到10周内达到5至6英寸的移栽大小。在最南部的烟草种植地区的移栽开始于3月，而北方要持续到6月。全面的整地有助于种苗早期的生长，这常常决定着作物的成功或失败。充足的化肥，以及在某些情况下使用的粪肥，在移植前和后来都可作为一种侧施肥料（施于根部位置）。

   The tobacco plant is “topped” (the top removed) when the flower cluster (inflorescence) begins to develop. The purpose is to increase leaf weight and to enhance chemical and physical properties and aroma. Following topping, axillary leaf buds (suckers) begin rapid growth. Formerly, suckers were removed by hand, but they are now controlled with chemical growth regulators.

    当花簇（花序）开始发育时，烟草植物被打顶（去顶）。目的是增加叶子重量和提高化学和物理的特性和芳香。打顶后，腋生叶芽（吸盘）开始迅速生长。以前，吸盘是由手工去除，但它们现在是由化学生长调节剂来控制。

   The tobacco plant is attacked by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematode worms, and insects. Control of most diseases is centered on the development of disease-resistant tobacco varieties. In certain areas of the United States, economic production of tobacco would not be possible without them. Some varieties are resistant to as many as five diseases. For best results, disease-resistant varieties should be grown in rotation with selected crops other than tobacco. Agricultural chemicals are used to control insects and some of those diseases for which resistant varieties are not available.

    烟草植物会受到真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫类蠕虫和昆虫的侵袭。控制大多数的病害都集中于抗病害烟草品种的发展上。在美国的某些地区，没有这些品种，烟草的经济性生产是不可能的。一些品种可抵抗多达五种的病害。为了最好的结果，抗病害的品种会与其它非烟草的作物进行轮种。农药被用来控制昆虫和那些没有抗病害的品种中的一些疾病。

   Harvesting.  Two methods of harvesting—priming and stalk cutting—are employed. Flue-cured and cigar wrapper tobaccos (which are air cured) are primed—that is, leaves are removed as they ripen. All other tobacco is stalk-cut. Before being hung in curing barns, stalk-cut tobacco is speared onto laths (“tobacco sticks”), and prime-harvested leaves are strung on sticks. By another method loose green leaves are compressed into metal racks for bulk curing.

    收割。收割的两种方法---采用摘叶法和秸秆切割法。烤烟和雪茄烟外包叶的烟草（晾干的）都用摘叶法---换言之，当它们成熟时就摘掉烟叶。其它所有的烟草都是秸秆切割法。切割的烟草悬挂在熟化室之前，被叉在板条上（“烟草棒”），而摘叶收获的烟叶都串在树棍上。另一种方法是将松散的绿烟叶压缩到金属架上来进行密集熟化。

   Curing.  There are THREE principal methods, with many variations, of curing tobacco. In air-curing, the tobacco is sheltered but cured primarily under natural weather conditions. In flue-curing, the tobacco is cured in heated air but not subjected to smoke or odors. Flue-cured tobacco is usually yellowish to reddish orange in color, thin to medium in body, and mild in flavor. In fire-curing, the tobacco is cured in heated air, mostly from wood fires and is in contact with the smoke. A fourth method, curing in open air or direct sunlight, is practiced in Asia and other parts of the world.

    熟化。熟化烟草有许多变化，主要有三种方法。在晾制法中，烟草主要在自然气候条件下保存，熟化。在热风管处理法中，烟草用加热的空气熟化，但不受烟气或气味的影响。烤烟的颜色通常从淡黄色到红褐色，叶薄至中等，而且风味清淡。在明火烘焙处理法中，烟草在加热的空气中熟化，主要用柴火，并与烟气接触。第四种方法，在露天或阳光直射下熟化，是亚洲和世界其它一些地方使用的方法。

During the curing process the leaves lose much of their stored food supply and part of their water content. Complex chemical changes begun during the ripening of the leaves continue until the leave are dry. These changes include hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids, amines, and ammonia, and hydrolysis of carbohydrates to sugar, then carbon dioxide and water. In flue-curing, the leaf is dried rapidly after the yellow, or bright, color is set, and chemical changes are arrested before completion. The drying process continues for a longer period in fire-curing and even longer in air-curing. The carbohydrate content is essentially depleted during the curing of air-cured tobacco.

    在熟化过程中，烟叶失去了许多它们存贮的成分和部分水分。在烟叶不断熟化至干燥过程中开始发生复杂的化学变化。这些变化包括蛋白质水解成氨基酸、胺类和氨，以及碳水化合物水解成糖，然后是二氧化碳和水。在热风管处理法中，烟叶在变黄或发亮，颜色定型后迅速干燥，化学变化在完成前被抑制。在明火烘焙处理法中，干燥过程会持续较长一段时间，而在晾制法中甚至更长。在晾制烟草的醇化过程中碳水化合物的含量基本耗尽。

Curing barns are 18 to 20 feet (5.5—6 meters) square or are rectangular in shape and of varying size. They may be 18 to 20 feet tall. Well-arranged ventilators permit flow of ambient air around suspended stalks of stalk-cut tobacco or around suspended leaves of flue-cured and cigar wrapper tobacco. Supplemental heat is used on air-cured tobacco during inclement weather.

熟化室为18至20英尺（5.5—6 米)正方形或长方形，而且大小不一。它们可能有18至20英尺高。高效的通风机使得悬挂切割烟草茎秆的周围，或悬挂热风管处理法的烟叶和雪茄烟外包叶的周围空气得以流动。在恶劣天气时，对晾制法的烟叶使用辅助加热。

In both fire-curing and flue-curing, the barns are tightly closed to contain the heat, except for a limited period early the cure. In fire-curing, heat is supplied by open hardwood fires in the barn. Smoke permeates the tobacco above and escapes around the eaves of the barn. In flue-curing—the term derives from the iron flues formerly used to carry heat through the barn—open-flame gas or oil heater are used. Bulk-curing, an innovation of flue-curing, involves forcing heated air through lightly compressed leaves in specially constructed curing barns.

在明火烘焙处理法和热风管处理法中，除了早期熟化有限的时期以外，熟化室都是密闭的，以保持热量。在明火烘焙处理法中，熟化室内由硬木明火提供热量。烟气弥漫在上面的烟草中，并从熟化室的屋檐周围散出。在热风管处理法中---这个术语来自以前使用的通过熟化室传递热量的铁制暖气管---使用明火燃气或燃油的加热器。批量熟化，热风管处理法的一种创新，包含在专门建造的熟化室内迫使加热的空气通过轻微压缩的烟叶。

Further Processing.  To make tobacco suitable for consumption, the cure leaves must be fermented and aged. By this means the leaves are brought to their peak of odor and aroma, and their harshness or bitter taste is eliminated. This preliminary process must be carefully managed, for inadequate aging or fermentation cannot be overcome in manufacture.

深加工。为使烟草适于消费，熟化烟叶必须经过发酵和醇化。用这种方法，使烟叶达到它们味道和香气的巅峰，而且可消除它们的苦涩味。因为，发酵或醇化的不足在生产中是无法克服的，这种初步的过程必须小心处理。

Most tobacco product in the United States contain various amounts of sweeteners, flavorings, or humectants to enhance or modify their natural flavor and aroma. The use of additives is restricted in some countries, notably the United Kingdom.

在美国，大多数烟草产品都包含了各种大量的甜味剂、调味剂或湿润剂来提高或改进它们的自然风味和香气。在一些国家中，添加剂的使用是受到限制的，尤其是英国。

 

UNITED STATES TOBACCO INDUSTRY

   Flue-cured tobacco is produced in the southeastern coastal Plain and Piedmont from Virginia to Florida. This type is the major component of American cigarettes, and cigarettes account for about 95% of its use. Flue-cured tobacco is also the principal export type of American tobacco.

   Class 2, or fire-cured tobacco, is produced in central and western Virginia and in Tennessee and Kentucky. Varieties of tobacco grown in the fire-cured districts have broad, ark green leaves, heavily drooping and gummy to the touch. After curing, the leaves are light to dark brown in color and strong in flavor. Principal American use is in the manufacture of snuff. In some other countries, it is used in cigars and chewing tobacco.

美国烟草业

从弗吉尼亚到佛罗里达的东南沿海平原和皮德蒙特都出产烤烟。这类烤烟是美国香烟的主要成分，而且这种香烟占其使用的大约95%。烤烟也是美国烟草的主要出口类型。二级，或明火烘焙的烟草产于弗吉尼亚州中部和西部，以及田纳西州和肯塔基州。这种烤烟区生长的烟草品种，有宽阔的方舟绿叶，重度下垂，摸上去粘粘的。熟化后，叶色由浅至深褐色，且味道浓郁。美国主要用它生产鼻烟。在一些其它国家中，它被用于雪茄烟和咀嚼烟草。

   All other United States tobacco is air-cured and, except for the light air-cured burley and Maryland types, is used principally in cigars. Burley is now widely grown in Kentucky and Tennessee, to a lesser extent in Ohio, Indiana, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina, and its culture has spread to many other countries. The culture of Maryland type tobacco has persisted in the southern part of that state since earliest colonial days.

    除了主要用于雪茄烟晾制的淡味伯莱烟叶和马里兰的类型外，美国所有的其它烟草都是晾制类型的。现在，伯莱烟草在肯塔斯州和田纳西州已广泛种植，在俄亥俄州、印第安纳州、弗吉尼亚州、西弗吉尼亚州以及北卡罗来纳州都有少量种植，而且其文化已传到许多其它的国家。马里兰州类型的烟草文化自最早的殖民时代开始就一直存在于该州的南部。

   Cigar tobaccos are classified according to their principal use—that is, as filler, binder, or

    雪茄烟草根据它们的主要用途进行分类，就是说，分为填充烟叶、粘合剂，或外卷烟叶。

 

TOBACCO TYPES USED IN AMERICAN TOBACCO PRODUCTS

美国烟草产品中使用的烟草类型

 

      PRODUCT 产品              TYPES USED 使用的类型

  Cigarettes    …………………..       Flue-cured, burley, Maryland, imported Turkish

   香烟                         烤烟，伯莱烟叶，马里兰烟叶，进口土耳其烟叶

  Cigars       …………………..       Filler, binder, wrapper, imported Cuban and

                                Philippine, some Maryland, fire-cured, dark Air-cured

   雪茄烟                       填充烟叶，粘合剂，外包烟叶，进口古巴和菲律宾烟叶，一些马里烟叶，烤烟，深色晾制烟叶

   Chewing tobacco

    咀嚼烟叶

Plug      …………………..        Flue-cured, burley, dark air-cured, some fire-cured

板烟条                      烤烟，伯莱烟叶，深色晾制烟叶，一些明火烘焙烟叶

Twist     …………………..        One sucker, burley, fire-cured

旋转切片                     一个烟杈，伯莱烟叶，明火烘焙烟叶

Fine-cut   …………………..        Burley, Green River

细切烟丝                     伯莱烟叶，格林河地区

Scrap chewing   …………………..   Cigar leaf

咀嚼碎烟叶                   雪茄烟叶

   Smoking tobacco   …………………..  Burley, flue-cured, dark air-cured

   烟斗用烟叶                    伯莱烟叶，烤烟，深色晾制烟叶

(Pipe tobacco, roll-your-own)

（烟斗烟草，自卷）       

  Snuff            …………………..    Fire-cured, some dark air-cured

  鼻烟                           明火烘焙烟叶，一些深色晾制烟叶

wrapper. All are also used for other products—scrap chewing tobacco accounts for much of the crop not used in cigars.

所有这些也用于其它产品---咀嚼的碎片烟叶占了雪茄烟不能使用作物的大部分。

   Cigar tobacco districts of major importance are located in New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Georgia, and Florida. Pennsylvania is the most important state, and Lancaster county the most important county, in the production of cigar filler tobacco. Shade-grown cigar wrapper tobacco is grown in the Connecticut Valley and in northern Florida and southern Georgia. Dark air-cured tobaccos are produced in the Green River area of northern Kentucky, southern Kentucky, and northern Tennessee.

至关重要的雪茄烟草区都位于新英格兰州、宾夕法尼亚州、俄亥俄州、威斯康星州、乔治亚州和佛罗里达州。在生产雪茄烟填充的烟草中，宾夕法尼亚州是最重要的州，而兰卡斯特县是最重要的县。蔽光生长的雪茄烟外包烟叶生长于康涅狄格州和佛罗里达州北部和乔治亚州南部。深色的晾制烟草产自肯塔基州北部，肯塔基州南部以及田纳西州北部的格林河地区。

 

TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN OTHER COUNTRIES

   Bright tobacco and “flue-cured” are synonymous terms since cigarettes all over the world are made largely of this type; the production and spread of flue-cured tobacco is linked to popularity of the cigarette. Quality of U. S. tobacco has been the standard foreign producers have tried to emulate. Many countries in Africa and South and Central America, as well as Italy and India, have produced a flue-cured type that is generally inferior to the flue-cured tobacco of the United States.

其它国家的烟草业

    由于全世界的香烟大都是由这种类型制成，因此，明亮烟草与“烤烟”是同义词；烤烟的生产和传播与香烟的流行相关。美国烟草的质量已成为了外国生产商试图模仿的标准。在亚洲、南美洲和中美洲的许多国家，以及意大利和印度生产的烤烟，通常不如美国的烤烟。

   Many countries have native types of leaf, which are air-cured and consumed in various ways. Local tobaccos in India are smoked in bidis, cigars, cheroots, and hookahs. Brazil also has a large production for local consumption, mostly in the form of dark-tobacco cigarette. Burley tobacco production has spread to many countries since World War II. Increased burley production in Central and South American countries is occurring at the expense of dark native tobaccos.

    许多国家都有本土的烟叶，都采用晾制法，消费方式各种各样。在印度，吸食当地烟草是以比迪烟、雪茄烟、方头雪茄烟和水烟袋的方式。巴西也有大量的当地消费，主要是深色烟草的香烟。自二次大战以来，伯莱烟草的生产已扩散到许多国家。在中美洲和南美洲国家增长的伯莱烟草的生产都是以牺牲当地深色烟草为代价的。

   With the exception of certain areas in the United States, the world’s cigar leaf is produced almost entirely within a belt of 15 degrees latitude on either side of the equator. The finest cigar wrapper is produced in Indonesia in a small area along the coast of Sumatra. Java shares with Cuba the reputation for production of the finest quality cigar filler.

    除了美国的某些地区，世界上的雪茄烟叶几乎完全产自赤道两侧纬度15度的地带。最好的雪茄烟外包叶产于印度尼西亚沿苏门答腊岛的一小块区域。爪哇岛与古巴共同分享了出产最优质的雪茄烟丝的声誉。

   Oriental tobaccos, used for making the finest blended cigarettes, are largely produced in the Balkan countries, particularly Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. Latakia is an oriental type tobacco, produced in Syria, to which additional flavor has been added. This is accomplished by fumigating the tobacco with smoke by burning species of oak and pine. In a sense, this is similar to fire-cured tobacco.

    用来制作最好的混合香烟的东方烟草大都产自巴尔干半岛，尤其是土耳其、希腊、南斯拉夫和保加利亚。拉塔基亚是一种东方烟草，产于叙利亚，带有额外的风味。这是用燃烧橡树和松树的烟熏蒸来完成的。在某种意义上，这与明火烘焙的烟草相似。

   Fire-cured tobacco is among the least important of tobacco types in the world. Malawi vies with Italy to rank in second place behind the United States in the production of fire-cured tobacco.

    明火烘焙的烟草在世界上是最不重要的烟草类型。马拉维与意大利在明火烘焙烟草的生产上竞争仅次于美国的第二位的排名。

                                                        E. L. MOORE

                                        Tobacco and Sugar crops Research Branch

                                              U. S. Department of Agriculture

                                                        E. L. 摩尔

                                                 烟草与糖农作物研究分部

                                                       美国农业部

 

                                                     2022年9月25日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第26卷，第800页至803页）