CIGARETTE. The cigarette originated in the New World, where Spanish explorers found it among the Aztecs in 1518. It spread rapidly to the Iberian Peninsula and other Mediterranean areas 1850’s, when the British brought it back from the Crimean War. By 1865 the cigarette had reached the United States, where is eventually became important commercially through two innovations: application of machinery to it manufacture (1880) and development of domestic blends (1913).

香烟。香烟起源于新大陆，1518年，西班牙探险者在那里的阿芝特克人中发现了它。当英国人将它从克里米亚战争中带回时，便迅速地扩散到了伊比利亚半岛和其它地中海地区。到1865年，香烟已到达美国，在那里通过两项创新，最终在商业上变得很重要：应用机器对其进行产生（1880年）和本国混合物的发展。

   On a world scale, the cigarette industry rose phenomenally throughout the 20^th century. in the late 1960’s the largest cigarette-producing countries, in descending order, were the United States, USSR, Japan, Bulgaria, and Britain.

    在世界范围内，烟草行业在整个20世纪发展迅速。在20世纪60年代，按降序排列，最大的香烟生产国是美国、苏联、日本、保加利亚和英国。

   Kinds of cigarettes.  Cigarettes may be classified by tobacco, by flavor, or by length. Prior to 1913 the leading type were first-class Turkish, straight Turkish, pseudo-Turkish (packaged and adorned to resemble Turkish cigarettes),straight Virginias (made of flue-cured leaf of Virginia and the Carolinas), and miscellaneous (consisting of mouthpiece and uncased straight Burley). The American type (domestic blend and a small amount of Turkish tobacco) was introduced in 1913 and has become dominant. See also TOBACCO.

    香烟的种类。香烟可通过烟叶、味道或长度来分类。在1913年之前，主要的类型是优质的土耳其烟叶，纯正的土耳其烟叶，冒牌土耳其烟叶（包装和装饰像土耳其香烟），纯正的维吉尼亚烟叶（弗吉尼亚和南北卡罗莱纳州制成的烤烟叶），以及混合烟叶（包含烟嘴和未加外壳的纯正伯莱烟叶）。美国类型（国内混合烟叶和少量的土耳其烟叶）于1913年引入，并形成优势。也可参阅烟草词条。

   Smokers in Hispanic-American countries prefer cigarettes made of dark, strong leaf, while those of eastern Europe smoke a lighter Turkish type. English cigarettes are generally manufactured with a high moisture content; immediately after production they are placed in a drying room so that they emerge in a hardened condition. In the USSR the favorite is thepapirosa, which is only about one THIRD tobacco, the rest being a hollow tube. Generally cigarette manufacturers use the tobacco produced in their own countries, but many who must import leaf prefer the milder Burley and flue-cured with a small proportion of Turkish tobacco.

    在西班牙裔美国人中的吸烟者更喜欢用深色、味重的烟叶制作的香烟，而东欧的人喜欢更为清淡的土耳其类型。英国制作的香烟通常含水分较高；生产后它们会被立刻放置在烘干室内，以便它们出现硬化的状况。苏联最喜爱的是papirosa，它只三分之一的烟丝，其余的部分是空心管。通常，香烟的制造商都使用在自己国家产生的烟叶，但许多一定要进口烟叶的人更喜欢更柔和的伯莱烟叶和混合了少量土耳其烟叶的烤烟。

   In the flavor classification, the menthol type predominates. In length, the 70-millimeter (about 2.8 inches), or regular size, prevailed almost exclusively until about 1939, when the first 85-millimeter (3.4—inches), or king-size, length, came into vogue. The 100-millimeter length (4 inches) entered the market in 1966.

    在味道分类上，薄荷醇型占了主导地位。在长度上，70毫米（大约2.8英寸），或标准尺寸一直流行到大约1939年，当时第一批85毫米（约3.4英寸），或加长型的长度开始流行起来。1966年，100毫米的长度（4英寸）进入市场。

   How Cigarettes Are Made. An important part of manufacture of cigarettes lies in preparation of the leaf. Preparation includes making the leaf pliable, grading it, removing the midrib, flavoring it, and storing it for aging. Different types of tobacco for a blend are assembled and shredded by powerful cutters slicing through the leaf, which is thoroughly mixed before entering the cigarette machine. There the shredded leaf falls on a continuous roll of paper, and the cigarette rod is formed, fastened, and cut into proper lengths.

    香烟是如何制作的。香烟制作的一个重要部分在于制备烟叶。制备包括柔叶、定级、去除中脉、调味并存贮老化。将不同类型的烟叶混合在一起，并通过强力的切割机切碎，在进入香烟机器前完全混合。在那里，切碎的烟叶落在一个连续不断的纸卷上，形成烟卷，固定并切成合适的长度。

   A device for packaging and wrapping in cellophane is attached. In the 1960’s the most modern cigarette machine generally produced 1,400 per minute. Electrically counted and routed, cigarettes number 20 the package, 10 packages in each carton, and 60 cartons in each case.

    带有包装装置和玻璃纸的包装出现。20世纪60年代，最现代化的卷烟机器通常每分钟可产生1，400支。电动计数和发送，香烟20支一盒，每条10盒，60条一箱。

   Smokers in many areas roll their own cigarettes. In some jungle areas of Hispanic America, smokers often roll their tobacco in corn husks as their ancestors did 500 years ago.

    许多地区的吸烟者会自己卷烟。美洲西班牙裔的一些丛林地区，吸烟者常常会用玉米包皮卷他们的烟草，就像500年前他们的祖先那样。

   History.  The cigarette found in Mexico in 1518 resembled the 20^th century product, although the crushed tobacco was stuffed into hollow reed or wrapped in a vegetable product, probably corn husk. According to tradition, paper-wrapped cigarettes were developed in the 16^th century by beggars of Seville, Spain, who rolled discarded cigar butts in scraps of paper. The cigarette, this time in paper, returned to Mexico well before 1765 when Visitor General Jose de Galvez confiscated large quantities of cigarette paper in Jalapa and established a government tobacco monopoly. Meanwhile the cigarette, along with the production of tobacco, had spread into the Middle East. When cigarettes entered France early in the 19^th century, they were wrapped in paper manufactured in Barcelona, Spain. As early as 1845, French smoker preferred America’s Maryland or Virginia tobacco because that grown in France was too acrid. In southern Russia as early as 1840 native-grown leaf was mixed with Maryland, Ohio, and Kentucky leaf.

    历史。1518在墨西哥发现的香烟很像20世纪的产品，尽管捣碎的烟叶被塞进了空心的芦苇中，或包裹在大概是玉米包皮的一种蔬菜产品中。根据传统，用纸包装的香烟是从16世纪由西班牙塞维利亚的乞丐开始的，他们在纸片上卷入被丢弃的雪茄烟蒂。在1765年之前这时的纸烟已回到了墨西哥，当时督察将军约瑟·德·加尔韦斯在杰拉帕没收了大量的香烟纸，并建立了政府的烟草专卖制度。与此同时，随着烟草生产，香烟已扩散到中东。当19世纪早期香烟进入法国时，它们是用西班牙巴塞罗那制造的纸包装的。早在1845年，法国的吸烟者更喜欢美国马里兰或弗吉尼亚的烟草，因为法国生长的烟草太辛辣。在俄罗斯南部，早在1840年本土生长的烟叶就与马里兰州、俄亥俄州和肯塔基州的烟叶进行了混合。

   The date when factory production of cigarettes began is not known for certain. It is known that Baron Josef Huppmann established the Ferme cigarette factory in St. Petersburg, Russia (now Leningrad), in 1850; opened a branch house in Dresden, Germany, in 1872; and established the Monopal cigarette works in New York City in 1882. In London, Robert Peacock Gloag, IMPRESSED with the cigarette he had seen used by the Russians in the Crimean War, manufactured some in the 1850’s from Latakia (Turkish) tobacco and yellow tissue paper, which he called Don Alphonso Spanish Whiffs. Gloag used the awkward method of constructing a paper tube and then inserting the crushed tobacco through a thin metal pipe.

    工厂是何时开始生产香烟的日期尚无法确定。众所周知的是，1850年约瑟夫·霍普曼男爵在俄罗斯圣·彼得堡（现在的列宁格勒）建立了费尔梅卷烟厂；1872年在德国德累斯顿开办了一家分厂；并于1882年在纽约市建立了Monopal卷烟厂。在伦敦，罗伯特·皮科克·格洛格对在克里米亚战争中俄罗斯人吸的香烟印象深刻，于19世纪50年代用来自拉塔基亚（土耳其）烟草和黄色薄纸产生了一些香烟，他称其为唐·阿方索西班牙的气味。格洛格用笨拙方法制作了一个纸管，然后通过一根细的金属管将碎烟叶插入其中。

   Eventually American emulated the English and began the manufacture of cigarettes in 1864. Almost 20 million were made that year, but production immediately declined. After 1869, Greeks, Turks, and Egyptian began the manufacture of cigarettes in Britain and the United States. Cigarette smoking at this time interested only the more sophisticated, who often rolled their own. In 1869 the F. S. Kinney Company of New York imported Polish and Russian cigarette rollers, some of them from London, to instruct American girls in the art of making cigarettes by hand. The Panic of 1873 discouraged the smoking of expensive cigars but greatly increased demand in the United States for cigarettes because they were cheaper. Factory production increased as New York manufacturers moved into the Southern tobacco-producing areas and as southern manufacturers took up cigarette production.

    最终，美国人赶上了英国人，于1864年开始生产香烟。那一年几乎生产了两千万支香烟，但生产很快就下降了。1869年之后，希腊人、土耳其人和埃及人开始在英国和美国生产香烟。吸烟在当时只有更见多识广人才感兴趣，他们常常自己卷烟。1869年，纽约的F. S. 金尼公司进口了波兰和俄罗斯的卷烟滚筒，其中一些来自伦敦，指导美国的女孩手工制作香烟的技术。1873年的恐慌阻碍了人们吸昂贵的雪茄，但极大地增加了美国对香烟的需求，因为它们更便宜。随着纽约生产商进军南方烟草生产的地区，以及随着南方生产商开始接受香烟的生产，工厂生产增强了。

   An expert roller, with helpers, made 40 cigarettes per minute by handwork technique. Each roller sat before a table containing a small trench—a small cut in the surface—the length of the cigarette. When fitted in the trench, the paper projected its lengthwise edges slightly above the smooth tabletop. Pinch of shredded tobacco was placed on the paper. Then the worker, wearing a strip of felt over the palm of the hand, rubbed the felt over the trench, catching a protruding edge of the paper so that the cigarette was whirled into shape by one deft rolling motion. Paste was used for fastening the edges.

一台专业的卷烟滚筒，配以辅助人员，每分钟可通过手工技能制成40支香烟。每台滚筒都配一张带有小沟槽的桌子---表面有香烟长度的一个小切口。当卷烟纸装入那个沟槽时，纸张的纵向边缘会略高于光滑桌面。一撮烟丝被置于纸上。然后，工人在手掌套上一条毛毡，用毛毡擦过沟槽，抓住纸那突出的边缘，这样通过一个灵巧滚动动作，香烟就被卷好成型。然后，用糨糊固定边缘。

The invention in 1860 of the Pease cutter, which shredded tobacco leaf instead of pulverizing it, proved the first step in applying machinery to cigarette production. The most successful among the many attempting to develop a cigarette-making machine was James Albert Bonsack of Virginia who, by 1880, developed a machine containing THREE fundamental parts: the feeder that apportioned the tobacco uniformly; the forming tube where the cigarette was shaped into a continuous roll; and the knife for cutting the cigarette rod into equal lengths. The Bonsack machine was improved slightly by William T. O’Brien and James B. Duke in Duke’s factory at Durham, N. C. by 1866, Duke’s daily output reached 4 million at a reduction in cost of 50 cents per 1,000. By the end of 1889, Duke dominated the cigarette industry, and his company continued to do so until its patents expired.

1860年发明了切碎烟叶而不是粉碎它的皮斯切割机，证明了将机械应用于香烟生产的第一步。在许多试图开发制烟机器的人中，最成功的是弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯·阿尔伯特·邦萨克，1880年他研发了一套包括三个基本部分的机器：均匀分配烟草的送料机；香烟被连续制成烟卷的成型管；以及将香烟杆切成等长的刀具。到1866年，由威廉·T. 奥布莱恩和詹姆斯·B.杜克在北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的杜克工厂稍微改进了邦萨克机器，杜克工厂的日产量达到了四百万支香烟，每一千支香烟降低成本五十美分。到了1889年末，杜克已主导了香烟产业，而且他的公司一直是这样，直到其专利到期。

   Until 1913, Turkish leaf—cultivated in various countries around the eastern Mediterranean—was used so extensively in cigarettes that the mistaken belief arose that tobacco originated in Turkey and that only Turkish or Egyptian cigarettes were superior. (In the United States and Britain, however, a blend of flue-cured leaf and a small amount of Turkish became popular.)  In 1913, Richard J. Reynolds changed the cigarette industry significantly when he developed what is generally called the first American cigarette. He began manufacturing cigarette in Winston—Salem, N. C., using a domestic blend of Burley and flue-cured leaf (soon adding Maryland tobacco) that he mixed with a small amount of Turkish tobacco. This cigarette was successful immediately, and other manufacturers were forced to copy it. The popularity of this cigarette was spread greatly during the two world wars.

    直到1913年，土耳其的烟叶---已在环地中海东部的各国中栽培---广泛地用于香烟中，以至于误认为烟草源自土耳其，而且只有土耳其和埃及的香烟更好。（然而，在美国和英国，一种烤烟叶和少量的土耳其烟草的混合物流行起来）。1913年，理查德·J. 雷诺兹极大地改变了烟草行业，当时他开发了通常被称为美国的第一香烟。他开始在北卡罗来纳州塞勒姆---温斯顿生产香烟，使用的是国内混合的伯莱烟叶和烤烟（很快加入了马里兰烟叶），他还混合了少量的土耳其烟叶。这种香烟立刻获得了成功，而其他的生产商被迫要复制它。在两次世界大战期间，这种香烟大受欢迎。

   THREE major developments arose in the cigarette industry from 1913 to World War II: (1) The Arenco packer, a Swedish machine used to pack matches, was adapted in the late 1920’s to create a small machine that combined making the package, packing the cigarettes, and affixing revenue stamps. This move reduced the cost of packaging to less than 1 cent per 1,000. (2) Moisture-proof cellophane was adopted in 1931 as wrapping for packages to preserve the freshness of cigarette between manufacture and use. (3) THREE large American manufacturers cooperated in the 1930’s in developing new source for cigarette paper, which had long been made of linen rags and was produced chiefly in France. By using seed flax and experimenting for six years, the firms produced excellent cigarette paper in the United States. The new paper plant in Brevard, N. C., began production in 1939, and it made possible the tremendous expansion of the cigarette industry that occurred immediately after World War II ended.

    从1913年到二次大战，烟草行业出现了三次主要发展：（1）阿伦科的包装机，一种用于包装火柴的瑞典机器，在20世纪20年代末被改成组合了包装制作、香烟包装，以及粘贴印花税票的小型机器。这种改进将包装成本降低到每一千只香烟不到一美分。（2）1931年采用防潮玻璃纸作为包装材料来保存在生产和使用中香烟的新鲜感。（3）20世纪30年代，三大美国生产商合作发展了香烟用纸的新原料，长期以来香烟的用纸都是由亚麻布制成，而且主要是法国生产的。通过使用亚麻籽以及六年的实验，三家公司在美国生产出了优质的香烟用纸。在北卡罗来纳州布里瓦德的新纸厂于1939年开始生产，而且它使二战后烟草行业迅速出现惊人的扩张成为了可能。

   During the 1950’s large-scale manufacturers developed reconstituted leaf (excellent leaf made of scrap tobacco and stems and processing elasticity), adopted a satisfactory mechanical method for removing the midrib from the leaf, and began manufacture of filter-tipped cigarettes to remove gases and minute particles. Reconstituted leaf and removal of the midrib by the thrashing process, both developed in the United States, made for great economy. Filter-tipped cigarettes were developed in western Europe and quickly adopted in the United States by means of machinery evolved in England and Germany. The popularity of filter-tipped cigarettes stemmed from the health controversy over cigarette smoking. In the United States the controversy began in 1952 and reached a climax with the surgeon general’s adverse report issued in 1964. See also SMOKING AND HEALTH.

    在20世纪50年代，大型的生产商开发了再造烟叶（由烟叶碎片和叶茎制成而且加工有弹性的优质烟叶），采用一种令人满意的机械方法从烟叶中去除叶茎，并开始生产有过滤嘴的香烟来去除有有害气体和微小颗粒。通过抖动处理的再造烟叶和去除烟叶的中茎都在美国得以发展，效益巨大。西欧开发了有过滤嘴的香烟，并在美国迅速采用了英国和德国改进的机器。有过滤嘴香烟的流行起源于吸烟对健康影响的争论。在美国，该争论始于1952年，并于1964年随着公共卫生署署长不良反应报告的发布达到了高潮。可参阅吸烟与健康词条。

   Marketing.  The major U. S. cigarette-manufacturing center is the North Carolina-Virginia area—Winston-Salem, Durham, and Reidsville, N. C., and Richmond, Va. Many cigarettes are made in New York City, London, various European Common Market countries, and in Russia.

   Before the adoption of machinery, sales approaches were mild. But after the advent of Bonsack’s invention and its evolution into an intricate and effective cigarette-making machine, the industry steadily increased its expenditures for advertising.

营销。美国主要的香烟生产中心是北卡罗来纳-弗吉尼亚地区---北卡罗来纳州的温斯顿-塞勒姆，达勒姆和里兹维尔和弗吉尼亚州的里士满。许多香烟都是在纽约、伦敦、欧洲共同体各国以及俄罗斯生产的。

在采用机器前，销售方式是温和的。但在邦萨克的发明出现及其发展进入复杂而有效的制烟机械后，该行业稳步增加了其广告的开支。

   Taxes.  No tobacco product is taxed more heavily than cigarettes. The U. S. federal government in the late 1960’s was collecting more than $2 billion annually from its taxes that amounted to 8 cents a pack. State cigarette taxes varied from nothing in North Carolina (where the bulk of the industry is situated) to 11 cents per pack in New Jersey, Texas, and Washington. In addition, many city governments also tax the sale of cigarettes. Elsewhere over most of the world, cigarettes are heavily taxed.

   税收。20世纪60年代，美国联邦政府每年从税收中征收20多亿美元，相当于每包烟8美分。州的香烟税各不相同，从北卡罗来纳州（那里是大部分烟草行业的所在地）的零税率到新泽西州、德克萨斯州和华盛顿州的每包11美分。另外，许多城市的政府也征收香烟销售税。在世界其它大部分地区，香烟都被征收重税。

                                               NANNIE M. TILLEY, Author of

                                    “The Bright-Tobacco Industry, 1860—1929”

                                                  南尼·M. 蒂利

                               “1860年至1929年，辉煌的烟草业”的作者

                                                   2022年9月19日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第6卷，第716页至718页）