定语从句之四：关系代词：which

 

    在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的连词叫关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as）或关系副词（when, where, why, how），它们在从句中必须作成分，现归纳总结如下：

 

关系代词 which 的用法：

 

要点：既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是表示物的名词

或代词，连词在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时，连词有时可以省略，具体如下：

 

一、基本用法：

 

1．引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是表示物的名词或代词，连词在从句中作主语，如：

 

A．引导限制性定语从句：

1).She was not on the train which arrived just now.

   她不在刚刚到达的火车上。

2).This is a river which flows fast.

   这是一条流速快的河流。

3).The book which tells us about the earth is interesting.

   讲述有关地球的那本书很有趣。

 

Ｂ．引导非限制性定语从句：

1).Now I live in a building, which was built last year.

   现在我住在一个大楼里，这大楼是去年建造的。

2).Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking.

   布鲁斯向火堆走去，火还在冒烟。

3).I want to buy the house, which has a garden.

   我想买那所带花园的房子。

4).The place, which I visited before, has changed greatly.

   这个地方我以前来过，现在变化很大。

 

C．在下列场合常用非限制性定语从句：

a．先行词为独一无二的物体时

1).The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big.

   给予我们光和热的太阳非常大。

2).The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.

   太阳从东边升起，给我们光和热。

 

b．先行词是指物的专有名词时

1).The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese “The Ten-Thousand Li Great Wall”, is actually

   morethan 6,000 kilometres long.

   长城，中国人称作“万里长城”，实际上有6000多公里。

2).The Great Wall of China, which was built by ancient Chinese people, is regarded as one of

   the few wonders of the world.

   长城是古代中国人民修建的，它被看作是世界上少有的奇迹之一。

 

c．先行词指物且被指示代词或人称代词修饰时

1).This is her house, which was built last year.

   这是她的房子，是去年建的。

 

 

2．引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是表示物的名词或代词，连词在从句中作宾语，

   可以省略，如：

 

A．作vt. 宾语，连词可以省略（但在非限制性定语从句中不能省略)：

1).The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.

   我们昨天参观的农场位于北京郊区。

2).The watch (which) you gave me keeps good time.

   你送给我的表走得很准。

3).My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

   我的房子有个漂亮的花园，这房子是我去年买的。

 

B．作prep. 宾语，连词可以省略（但介词提前时不能省略)：

 

介词+关系代词中的介词主要有以下三种确定方法：

 

a．根据先行词来确定介词：

1).This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.

   这就是我去上海所乘坐的船。

2).They are all questions to which there are no answers.

   那些问题都是无头公案。

3).The building in front of which stands a big tree is our classroom.

   前面有棵大树的那个大楼是我们的教室。

4).In his room, we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of books.

   在他的屋子里，我们看见一张上面放着各种书的大桌子。

5).Yesterday we had a meeting at which we discussed many problems.

   昨天我们开了一个会，会上我们讨论了许多问题。

6).The house in which we live is not large.

   我们住的房子不大。

7).He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.

   他做了一台望远镜，透过望远镜，他能研究太空。

8).That was the meeting during which I kept falling asleep.

   就在那个会上我不停地打瞌睡。

 

b．根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选用介词：

1).The building (which) he referred to is beautiful.

   = The building to which he referred is beautiful.

   他提到的那栋大楼很漂亮。

2).The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.

   西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。

 

c．根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定介词：

1).Air, without which man can’t live, is really important.

   空气确实太重要了，没有它人类就能生存。

2).In front of the house Tom is planting a tree, under which he will be able to sit and read

   some day. 正在他的屋前种一棵树，将来有一天他将能坐在这棵树下看书。

3).The fox by which the chicks were killed was shot.

   吃鸡的那只狐狸被打死了。

4).He works in a foactory, at the back of which is a river.

   他在一家工厂工作，工厂后面有条河。

5).They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.

   他们来到一家农舍前，农舍前面坐着一个小孩。

6).The fisherman lives in an old house in front of which lies a well.

   这个鱼夫住在一间前面有口井的旧房子里。

7).There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.

   这儿有很多书，没有一本是我的。

 

d．介词和句子是固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。

1).This is the book which I am looking for.

   这就是我正在寻找的书。

2).This is the key (which) you are looking for.

   这是你找的钥匙。

 

二、特殊用法：

 

1．引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是整个主句或主句的谓语部分，连词不可以省略

  (从句只能在主句之后)，如：

1).He tore up my photo, which upset me.

   他把我的照片撕掉，这使我很不满。

2).He can swim in the river, which I cannot.

   他会在河里游泳，那正是我不会的。

3).Jim did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.

   吉姆考得非常好，真令人惊讶。

4).He has to have lessons on Sundays, which he doesn’t like at all.

   他星期天也要上课，对此他一点也不喜欢。

5).He said nothing, which made her angry.

   他什么也没说，这使她很生气。

6).He got 100 marks, which made his parents happy.

   他得了一百分，那件事是他父母非常高兴。

7).He is from America, which I know from his accent.

   他是美国人，这一点我是从他的口音得知的。

 

2．引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是that 和those代词，连词在从句中作主语，如：

1).He has found that which he has looked for.

   他找的东西已经找到了。

2).What's that which he refused to accept?

   他拒绝接受的是什么？

 

3．引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是表示物的名词，连词在从句中作定语，如：

1).The Beijing Olympic games are in three years, by which time I will be 21.

   北京奥运会还有三年，届时我将21岁了。

2).It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go hiking in the mountains.

   周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不到山里去远足了。

3).He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.

   他可能迟到，如果这样的话，我们应该等等他。

4).The judge lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.

   法官发脾气，这样我决定回家。

 

4．引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词是表示小孩的名词，连词在从句中作主语，如：

1).She kissed the baby, which was in its mother's arm.

   她亲了亲这个婴儿，它在母亲怀里。