中国注册会计师审计准则第1502号——在审计报告中发表非无保留意见(2010年11月1日修订)
CHINA CPA STANDARD ON AUDITING 1502 - MODIFICATIONS TO THE OPINION IN THE AUDITOR’S REPORT (As Revised November 1, 2010)
第一章 总 则
Chapter I General Provisions
第一条 为了规范注册会计师在财务报表审计中出具非无保留意见的审计报告,制定本准则。
Article 1 This China CPA Standard on Auditing (CSA) deals with the CPA’s responsibility relating to modifications to the opinion in the auditor’s report on the financial statements.
第二条 当按照《中国注册会计师审计准则第1501号——对财务报表形成审计意见和出具审计报告》的规定形成审计意见时,如果认为有必要发表非无保留意见,注册会计师应当遵守本准则。
Article 2 This CSA shall apply in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with CSA 1501, the CPA concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial statements is necessary.
第三条 本准则规定了三种类型的非无保留意见,即保留意见、否定意见和无法表示意见。
注册会计师确定恰当的非无保留意见类型,取决于下列事项:
(一)导致非无保留意见的事项的性质,是财务报表存在重大错报,还是在无法获取充分、适当的审计证据的情况下,财务报表可能存在重大错报;
(二)注册会计师就导致非无保留意见的事项对财务报表产生或可能产生影响的广泛性作出的判断。
Article 3 This CSA establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion.
The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:
(1) The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial statements are materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and
(2) The CPA’s judgment about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial statements.
第二章 定 义
Chapter II Definitions
第四条 非无保留意见,是指保留意见、否定意见或无法表示意见。
Article 4 Modified opinion – A qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.
第五条 广泛性,是描述错报影响的术语,用以说明错报对财务报表的影响,或者由于无法获取充分、适当的审计证据而未发现的错报 (如存在)对财务报表可能产生的影响。
根据注册会计师的判断,对财务报表的影响具有广泛性的情形包括:
(一)不限于对财务报表的特定要素、账户或项目产生影响;
(二)虽然仅对财务报表的特定要素、账户或项目产生影响,但这些要素、账户或项目是或可能是财务报表的主要组成部分;
(三)当与披露相关时,产生的影响对财务报表使用者理解财务报表至关重要。
Article 5 Pervasive – A term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial statements of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial statements of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
Pervasive effects on the financial statements are those that, in the CPA’s judgment:
(1) Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial statements;
(2) If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial statements; or
(3) In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial statements.
第三章 目 标
Chapter III Objective
第六条 注册会计师的目标是,当存在下列情形之一时,对财务报表清楚地发表恰当的非无保留意见:
(一)根据获取的审计证据,得出财务报表整体存在重大错报的结论;
(二)无法获取充分、适当的审计证据,不能得出财务报表整体不存在重大错报的结论。
Article 6 The objective of the CPA is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial statements that is necessary when:
(a) The CPA concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial statements as a whole are not free from material misstatement; or
(b) The CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement.
第四章 要 求
Chapter IV Requirements
第一节 应当发表非无保留意见的情形
Section 1 Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion Is Required
第七条 当存在下列情形之一时,注册会计师应当在审计报告中发表非无保留意见:
(一)根据获取的审计证据,得出财务报表整体存在重大错报的结论;
(二)无法获取充分、适当的审计证据,不能得出财务报表整体不存在重大错报的结论。
Article 7 The CPA shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:
(1) The CPA concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial statements as a whole are not free from material misstatement; or
(2) The CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement.
第二节 确定非无保留意见的类型
Section 2 Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion
第八条 当存在下列情形之一时,注册会计师应当发表保留意见:
(一)在获取充分、适当的审计证据后,注册会计师认为错报单独或汇总起来对财务报表影响重大,但不具有广泛性;
(二)注册会计师无法获取充分、适当的审计证据以作为形成审计意见的基础,但认为未发现的错报(如存在)对财务报表可能产生的影响重大,但不具有广泛性。
Article 8 The CPA shall express a qualified opinion when:
(1) The CPA, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial statements; or
(2) The CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the CPA concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.
第九条 在获取充分、适当的审计证据后,如果认为错报单独或汇总起来对财务报表的影响重大且具有广泛性,注册会计师应当发表否定意见。
Article 9 The CPA shall express an adverse opinion when the CPA, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial statements.
第十条 如果无法获取充分、适当的审计证据以作为形成审计意见的基础,但认为未发现的错报(如存在)对财务报表可能产生的影响重大且具有广泛性,注册会计师应当发表无法表示意见。
Article 10 The CPA shall disclaim an opinion when the CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the CPA concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.
第十一条 在极其特殊的情况下,可能存在多个不确定事项。尽管注册会计师对每个单独的不确定事项获取了充分、适当的审计证据,但由于不确定事项之间可能存在相互影响,以及可能对财务报表产生累积影响,注册会计师不可能对财务报表形成审计意见。在这种情况下,注册会计师应当发表无法表示意见。
Article 11 The CPA shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the CPA concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial statements due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial statements.
第十二条 在承接审计业务后,如果注意到管理层对审计范围施加了限制,且认为这些限制可能导致对财务报表发表保留意见或无法表示意见,注册会计师应当要求管理层消除这些限制。
Article 12 If, after accepting the engagement, the CPA becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the CPA considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial statements, the CPA shall request that management remove the limitation.
第十三条 如果管理层拒绝消除本准则第十二条提及的限制,除非治理层全部成员参与管理被审计单位,注册会计师应当就此事项与治理层沟通,并确定能否实施替代程序以获取充分、适当的审计证据。
Article 13 If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in Article 12, the CPA shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity, and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
第十四条 如果无法获取充分、适当的审计证据,注册会计师应当通过下列方式确定其影响:
(一)如果未发现的错报(如存在)可能对财务报表产生的影响重大,但不具有广泛性,注册会计师应当发表保留意见;
(二)如果未发现的错报(如存在)可能对财务报表产生的影响重大且具有广泛性,以至于发表保留意见不足以反映情况的严重性,注册会计师应当在可行时解除业务约定(除非法律法规禁止);如果在出具审计报告之前解除业务约定被禁止或不可行,应当发表无法表示意见。
Article 14 If the CPA is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall determine the implications as follows:
(1) If the CPA concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the CPA shall qualify the opinion; or
(2) If the CPA concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the CPA shall withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation, or, if withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial statements.
第十五条 如果根据本准则第十四条第(二)项的规定解除业务约定,注册会计师应当在解除业务约定前,与治理层沟通在审计过程中发现的、将会导致发表非无保留意见的所有错报事项。
Article 15 If the CPA withdraws as contemplated by Article 14(2), before withdrawing, the CPA shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion.
第十六条 如果认为有必要对财务报表整体发表否定意见或无法表示意见,注册会计师不应在同一审计报告中对按照相同财务报告编制基础编制的单一财务报表或者财务报表特定要素、账户或项目发表无保留意见。在同一审计报告中包含无保留意见,将会与对财务报表整体发表的否定意见或无法表示意见相矛盾。
Article 16 When the CPA considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial statements as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial statements as a whole.
第三节 非无保留意见审计报告的格式和内容
Section 3 Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified
第十七条 如果对财务报表发表非无保留意见,除在审计报告中包含《中国注册会计师审计准则第1501号——对财务报表形成审计意见和出具审计报告》规定的审计报告要素外,注册会计师还应当增加一个段落,说明导致发表非无保留意见的事项。
注册会计师应当直接在审计意见段之前增加该段落,并使用恰当的标题,如“导致保留意见的事项”、“导致否定意见的事项”或“导致无法表示意见的事项”。
Article 17 When the CPA modifies the opinion on the financial statements, the CPA shall, in addition to the specific elements required by CSA 1501, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification.
The CPA shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate.
第十八条 如果财务报表中存在与具体金额(包括定量披露)相关的重大错报,注册会计师应当在导致非无保留意见的事项段中说明并量化该错报的财务影响。如果无法量化财务影响,注册会计师应当在导致非无保留意见的事项段中说明这一情况。
Article 18 If there is a material misstatement of the financial statements that relates to specific amounts in the financial statements (including quantitative disclosures), the CPA shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the CPA shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph.
第十九条 如果财务报表中存在与叙述性披露相关的重大错报,注册会计师应当在导致非无保留意见的事项段中解释该错报错在何处。
Article 19 If there is a material misstatement of the financial statements that relates to narrative disclosures, the CPA shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.
第二十条 如果财务报表中存在与应披露而未披露信息相关的重大错报,注册会计师应当:
(一)与治理层讨论未披露信息的情况;
(二)在导致非无保留意见的事项段中描述未披露信息的性质;
(三)如果可行并且已针对未披露信息获取了充分、适当的审计证据,在导致非无保留意见的事项段中包含对未披露信息的披露,除非法律法规禁止。
Article 20 If there is a material misstatement of the financial statements that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the CPA shall:
(1) Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;
(2) Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and
(3) Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the CPA has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information.
第二十一条 如果因无法获取充分、适当的审计证据而导致发表非无保留意见,注册会计师应当在导致非无保留意见的事项段中说明无法获取审计证据的原因。
Article 21 If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.
第二十二条 即使发表了否定意见或无法表示意见,注册会计师也应当在导致非无保留意见的事项段中说明注意到的、将导致发表非无保留意见的所有其他事项及其影响。
Article 22 Even if the CPA has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial statements, the CPA shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the CPA is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof.
第二十三条 在发表非无保留意见时,注册会计师应当对审计意见段使用恰当的标题,如“保留意见”、“否定意见”或“无法表示意见”。
Article 23 When the CPA modifies the audit opinion, the CPA shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph.
第二十四条 当由于财务报表存在重大错报而发表保留意见时,注册会计师应当根据适用的财务报告编制基础在审计意见段中说明:注册会计师认为,除了导致保留意见的事项段所述事项产生的影响外,财务报表在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报告编制基础编制,并实现公允反映。
当无法获取充分、适当的审计证据而导致发表保留意见时,注册会计师应当在审计意见段中使用“除……可能产生的影响外”等措辞。
Article 24 When the CPA expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial statements, the CPA shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial statements have been prepared and present fairly, in all material respects (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework.
When the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion.
第二十五条 当发表否定意见时,注册会计师应当根据适用的财务报告编制基础在审计意见段中说明:注册会计师认为,由于导致否定意见的事项段所述事项的重要性,财务报表没有在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报告编制基础编制,未能实现公允反映。
Article 25 When the CPA expresses an adverse opinion, the CPA shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph, the financial statements have not been prepared and do not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework.
第二十六条 当由于无法获取充分、适当的审计证据而发表无法表示意见时,注册会计师应当在审计意见段中说明:由于导致无法表示意见的事项段所述事项的重要性,注册会计师无法获取充分、适当的审计证据以为发表审计意见提供基础,因此,注册会计师不对这些财务报表发表审计意见。
Article 26 When the CPA disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall state in the opinion paragraph that because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the CPA has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly, the CPA does not express an opinion on the financial statements.
第二十七条 当发表保留意见或否定意见时,注册会计师应当修改对注册会计师责任的描述,以说明:注册会计师相信,注册会计师已获取的审计证据是充分、适当的,为发表非无保留意见提供了基础。
Article 27 When the CPA expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the CPA shall amend the description of the CPA’s responsibility to state that the CPA believes that the audit evidence the CPA has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the CPA’s modified audit opinion.
第二十八条 当由于无法获取充分、适当的审计证据而发表无法表示意见时,注册会计师应当修改审计报告的引言段,说明注册会计师接受委托审计财务报表。
注册会计师还应当修改对注册会计师责任和审计范围的描述,并仅能作出如下说明:“我们的责任是在按照中国注册会计师审计准则的规定执行审计工作的基础上对财务报表发表审计意见。但由于导致无法表示意见的事项段中所述的事项,我们无法获取充分、适当的审计证据以为发表审计意见提供基础”。
Article 28 When the CPA disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the CPA shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the CPA was engaged to audit the financial statements.
The CPA shall also amend the description of the CPA’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on conducting the audit in accordance with China CPA Standards on Auditing. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”
第四节 与治理层的沟通
Section 4 Communication with Those Charged with Governance
第二十九条 当拟在审计报告中发表非无保留意见时,注册会计师应当与治理层沟通导致拟发表非无保留意见的情况,以及拟使用的非无保留意见措辞。
Article 29 When the CPA expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the CPA shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification.
第五章 附 则
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
第三十条 本准则自2012 年1 月1 日起施行。
Article 30 This CSA is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2012.
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