打工手记【39】猜词的艺术(1)【6月8日阳光上午】

标签:
猜词艺术一 |
分类: 翻译探索 |
怀抱婴儿登长城
翻译的忌讳之一是主观臆测,望文生义。
其实,这仅仅是“硬币的一面”,译途中的猜词(guess the meaning of a certain
word)不可全盘否定。词义猜测,砥砺语感,活跃思维,增添乐趣,挪快译步。
成功的猜译,必有依据。其依据可作以下归纳。
一、构词(word - formation)
英语构词灵活,但不乏规律可循。依靠构词规律,可使我们识别众多“貌新实旧”的词汇。
1/ Depression can be treated by medication and psychotherapy.
Ironically, antidepressants can have drowsiness as a side effect
…
句中的psychotherapy由psycho- (精神、心理)+ therapy
(疗法、治疗)构成,词义不言自明:精神(心理)疗法。此外,antidepressants一词,可猜!因为,antidepressants
→ anti (前缀:反、抗)+ depress (抑郁、沮丧) + ant
(后缀:施行…作用者),
全句可译:抑郁症可用药物及精神疗法治疗。具有讽刺意味的是,抗抑郁药却具有令人困倦的副作用。
2/ More recently he introduced himself into the debate on
welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood, not joblessness,
was the key problem.
句中的 unwed motherhood 也无须“请教”词霸或词典。不妨做这样的“逆向推断”:wedding(n.
结婚)→wed(v. 结婚)→wed(p.p. 结婚的)→unwed(p.p.未婚的)→unwed
mother(未婚的母亲)→unwed motherhood(未婚的母亲们)。
上句可译:最近,由于坚持认为是未婚母亲而不是失业才是问题症结所在,他使自己卷入关于福利改革的争论中去。
二、定义(definition)
偶时,英美作者常在冷僻或艰涩的遣词之后,附有后置释义。
1/ As truck drivers have found, that can be dangerous, leading
to microsleeps---brief periods, lasting one to ten seconds, when
you’re snoozing even though your eyes are open.
何谓microsleep? 破折号后的同位语即为定义,它与《英汉大词典》(p.
1131)的释义(短暂的昏睡,尤指失去正常睡眠者的阵发性昏睡,通常仅持续1至10秒钟)如出一辙。
2/ A dune is a hill of loose sand heaped by the wind; a
glacier is a field of ice formed from compacted snow.
句中的dune
与glacier可能是陌生词,不必急忙求助词霸或词典!根据其后置定义将它译成:沙丘由风吹而堆成的沙堆;冰川是由积雪因自身的压力而形成的冰块。
三、同义词(synonym)
当句中有两个或两个以上的同义词,利用已知的同义词作猜译,事半功倍。
1/ Our uncle was roamer, an incurable wanderer who never could
stay in one place.
句中的roamer和wanderer同义,who引导的定语从句又对wanderer作了具体诠释,即“从不呆在一个地方的人”。roamer和wanderer,知其一便知其二,即“漫游者”、“流浪汉”。
英语中一个普遍运用的既能避免词汇重复,又能增添文采的修辞方法是elegant
variation(求雅替换词),同义词得以巧妙运用。同义词总有难有易。由此及彼,由“易”猜“难”,不失为猜词良法。
2/ Only last week the bank had discovered nearly a thousand
dollars in counterfeit bills, source unknown. Their estimate was
that thirty million dollars of bogus money had been produced the
previous year. England and Canada were major supply sources of
spurious U.S. currency.
counterfeit bills=bogus money=spurious U.S. currency =
伪(美)钞。译者应一眼看出这些“等号”。其中,counterfeit
bills为最常见的“伪钞”表达,读者不妨以此猜译后两者。
上句可译:就在上星期,银行发现了近千元伪钞,来源不明。他们估计去年共出笼了3000万美元的伪钞。英国和加拿大是美国伪钞的主要来源。
四、反义词(antonym)
当句中出现一组反义词时,可通过推理猜译其中一词。
1/ Her moods seem to go from one extreme to the other----from
deepest apathy to unlimited enthusiasm.
她的情绪似易从一个极端走向另一个极端 -- 忽而无精打采,忽而兴高采烈。
2/ He may be dexterous at football, but he is very clumsy on
the dance floor.
他踢足球可能敏捷灵活,而跳起舞来却笨手笨脚。
句1中的enthusiasm可推知apathy;句2中的clumsy可猜出dexterous。又如:
Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person
who does not like to go to parties or to make friends.
gregarious
何义?它与句中的shy,unsociable构成反义,寓意自明。上句可译:与善于交际的妹妹不同,珍妮是个腼腆而不善交际的人,她不爱聚会交友。
【待续】