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意合:汉语之大美!【定稿版】【1月23日晴晨】

(2010-01-23 08:36:12)
标签:

汉语之大美

文化

分类: 断想不断

    1/ What was the Louvre in Paris like? It was so interesting that I went several times. (Mainline Book 4 p.9)
    汉译:巴黎的罗浮宫是个什么地方?它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次。(《主导英语》,复旦大学出版社,第四册,p.2)
典型“死例”!英语中的so… that 若千篇一律译成“如此……以至于……”,那么,汉语岂不成了“丑小鸭”?
上句可译:巴黎的罗浮宫怎么样?太有趣味了,我去了好几次哩。
    2/ 远看山有色,近听水无声,春去花还在,人来鸟不惊。
英译:
When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear,
    But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.
    The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,
    A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.
汉诗表达何其圆润整饬,而四句英译,却平添了三个when,一个but!非译者无能,而是出于无奈,非如此添加,英译将被斥为unidiomatic,甚至unEnglish。
英汉复合句的表达有“形合与意合”之别,以上两译例,便可管中窥豹。
所谓形合与意合,主要指分句与分句(包括以联合关系配列及以偏正关系配列的分句与分句)之间起连接作用的connectives(连接性词语)(诸如and, or, if, although, because, in order that, so,so that等等),是用与不用的一个句法问题。
形合,即显性接应(overt cohesion),以形显义;意合,即隐性连贯(covert coherence),以意统形。
这是语言学涉及句法问题的两个重要概念。其相应英语表达源于希腊语的hypotaxis 和parataxis。
在众多的外版辞书中,以下两条释义深入浅出,扼要简明,并附例句。
    Hypotaxis(形合): The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives; for example, I shall despair if you don’t come. (The American Heritage Dictionary p.649)
    Parataxis(意合): The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away. (The World Book Dictionary p.1513)
    语法学家王力在其《中国语法理论》及《汉语语法纲要》两册书中都提到了“意合”。他在后者中说到:复合句里既有两个以上的句子形式,它们之间的联系有时候是以意合的……。有的汉语语法书没有出现“意合”一词,却涉及了该现象。《现代汉语》(下册)(张志公)认为复合句分两类。“借助虚词组合成的复句”和“依靠语序直接组合成的复句”。
“汉语重意合,英语重形合”之别,在双语比较时,便凸显出来。据笔者井蛙之见,遗憾的是,敏锐观察到这一区别,并率先提出者,非中国学者,而是国外学者。
美国翻译家奈达在其《Translating Meaning》(1983)一书中指出:就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别,就是形合和意合的明显对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)。
鉴于此,西方学者渐达共识:汉语是“智慧的语言”。鲁道夫•弗莱奇博士甚至提出:汉语是“世界上最成熟的语言”。汉语广泛运用“意合”表情达意,正是它“智慧”和“最成熟”的标志之一。
“四字结构”,或“骈句”,历来被视作汉语的优势,或曰“大美”。其实,这仅是一种“表象”,对表象作深层次发掘,便会发现:汉语之大美,源于“意合”。没有意合之美,其表象美将成为无源之水。
“东海缺少白玉床,龙王来请金陵王”(《红楼梦》“护官符”之一句)
句式整饬,音律铿锵,“意合”功不可没也。
其相应英译是:
If the Dragon king wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Chinling, it’s said.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
增加了一个If!原句所隐含的“假设”推理关系,在英译中化隐为显。遣词增多,且整饬不再。
如此例证,举不胜举。
海内存知己,天涯若比邻 → As long as one has a true friend, he is close even when far away.
话不投机半句多 → When the conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath.
早知今日,何必当初?→ If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.
见异思迁 → change one’s mind the moment one sees something new
阳奉阴违 → overtly agree, but covertly oppose
意合,造就整饬;意合,带来畅洁。相反,上述英译中的划线部分的词(组),皆不可省略。
汉语中很多诗句、俗语或成语,对偶工整,琅琅上口。形美、音美、意美,意合之功,不可抹杀。就连日常对话,意合也有简化表达之功效,相应的英译就不得不添加表各类逻辑关系的连接性词语。
试比较:
把小孩冻坏了,怎么向他的母亲交帐呢?→ If the child catches a chill, what are  we going to say to its mother?
    离乡背井十载,他从未回去过。→ He has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago.
他说得太快,我们不能理解他的意思。→ He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.
这也不要,那也不要,你究竟要什么呢?→ You don’t want this one, and you don’t want that one, either. What do you want, anyway?
汉译英,“隐含”常常变成 “明示”,遣词增多,整饬遁迹。
“意合”被视作汉语之“大美”,不仅造就了表象美,还体现了汉语的智慧和成熟。就本质而言,人类的语言发展史(包含个人的语言习得史),常循三条发展主线:一、先有“形”而后有“神”;二、由简入繁,再由繁入简;三、渐拓“暗示域”及“意会度”。语言乃思维的载体与外壳,思维的成熟过程必然在语言上得到反应。
可以毫不夸张地说,汉语若是没有“意合”这一条风景线,就难有唐诗宋词的辉煌,就难有成语俗语的宝库,就难有中国文学峰峦叠起之灿烂。
例一、一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行。
如何译上句?
 “形合”、“意合”意识淡薄者,会作“意合 → 意合”译:
There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China.
短句叠出,不见一个connective,或曰form words(form words),如此英句,通常被视作baby English。
作“意合 → 形合”译,则得符合英语表达习惯之译:
An Englishman, who could not speak Chinese, was once traveling in China.
例二、I knew my command of English was my asset, for I might make a deal with a pianist who would give me access to his piano in exchange for English lessons.
此句共计31个单词,而介词和关系词等形式词(form words)就有7个,占全句的23%!英语之重形合,可见一斑。而汉译时,则顾不了那么多的形式词。作“形合 → 意合”译即可。如译:
我懂英语,知道这就是我的本钱,可以和一位钢琴家进行互助,我教他英语,他教我钢琴。
土人呼止,弗听,嚼之,涩甚,急吐去。下骑觅泉漱口,始能言。土人大笑。盖柿须摘下,煮一沸始去其涩,余不知也。(沈复:《浮生六记》)
上段,洋洋洒洒52个字,竟无一形式词!汉语之意合,除了造就了“四字结构”,或“骈句”,还造就了上段的美。上段有啥美?学界常用“瘦硬的美”来形容鲁迅的作品,就文字表达而言,我们是否可以认为上段是否也体现了一种“瘦硬的美”呢?谁人能再省略上段之一字?
翻译上段,就得作“意合 → 形合”译。不能简单地认为,只要使用些形式词,便能得佳译。在具体的上下文中,如何选择具体的形式词,与译者的语言修养有关,与译文质量有关。如:
初译:
The local residents shouted me to stop, I didn’t care and digested it, but it was so bad a taste that I vomited it immediately. Only after he jumped off the horse and found a fountain to clear his mouth could he begin to speak. The natives laughed. The persimmon, after taken from the tree, should be boiled to make the taste of bitterness lost. I had no idea of this before.
此译使用了一些形式词。但是,如何正确判断汉语原句的逻辑内涵,使用正确的形式词,尚存问题。
下骑觅泉漱口,始能言。→ Only after he jumped off the horse and found a fountain to clear his mouth could he begin to speak. 连接词after用得别扭。语感告诉我们,这里需要一个before。
煮一沸始去其涩,余不知也。→ … be boiled to make the taste of bitterness lost. I had no idea of this before.  I had no idea of this before读来口味不佳,语感又告诉我们, “余不知也”独立译成一句,译笔稚嫩,若添加一个but,不仅能拎出隐含的逻辑关系,而且能省略一短句。
译文(请注意研究其中的形式词):
The native people tried to stop me, but I wouldn’t listen to them. Only after taking a bite did I find it to have a very harsh flavor. So much so that I quickly spat it out and had to come down from horseback and rinse my mouth at a spring before I could speak, to the great merriment of my native advisers. For persimmons should be boiled in order to take away their harsh flavor, but I learnt this a little too late.(林语堂译)
从意合到形合,添加了形式词,如此一来,英译的遣词,似乎应该多于意合句。-- 此乃误解。比读证明:“形合”之英译,很多情况下,遣词不是增加了,而是减少了。
试比较:
    老境却如此颓唐!他触目伤怀,自然情不能自已。情郁于中,自然要发之于外;家庭琐屑便往往触他之怒。(朱自清:背影)
译文一:
To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry.
译文拘谨,以意合句为主,且基本按照原文语序。意合形合的意识尚“发育”不良,形式词的使用不到位。译成三句,且遣词累赘!
译文二:
No one could have foreseen such a comedown in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
两译字数之比为:47:35!前译“牵丝攀藤”,后译怎一个“爽”字了得!诵前者,一如艰难举步于灌木丛中;览后者,则如轻快奔跑在“鸟巢”跑道!
且不论两译“触目伤怀”之反差,就说后译中的as,亦可品味。一个as,看似用得轻巧,却见语言功力,as成功折射了原句的“因果”,令文脉朗现,逻辑彰显。一个as,轻易替代了前译中的That is why…等众多字眼!此外,后译中的介词over也用得很地道,可玩味。
正确反映逻辑关系的形式词的运用,不仅能减“字”,甚至能减“句”。
我们过了江,进了车站。我买票,他忙着照看行李。(朱自清:背影)
译文一:
We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.
译文二:
We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
后译比前译多用了一个形式词,一个关键的where,英语味更趋浓郁!且两句合并成了一句。
英译汉,作“意合 → 形合”译,非千篇一律也。
暂且不表汉语并不缺乏“形合句”,仅就表情达意的功能而言,形合是明示,意合是隐含,一般情况下,“明示”比“隐含”具有更多的强调意味。试比较:
How could you do it this way, when you know this might damage the apparatus?
a.(形合)既然你知道这样会损坏仪器,你怎么能这样做呢?
b.(意合)你知道这样会损坏仪器,你怎么能这样做呢?
If you tell me all about it, I shall be able to decide correctly.
a.(形合)如果你把一切都告诉我,那么,我就能作出正确决定。
b.(意合)你把一切都告诉我,我就能正确决定了。
译文a 取形合,遣词趋多,所含的强调意味则浓于取意合的译文b ,而后者给人一种“轻描淡写”的感觉。
若着眼语体,形合见庄重,而意合则显随便。试比较:
a. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep ---- but forever.
译文:让他一个人留在房里总共不过两分钟,当我们再进去的时候,便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了-- 但已经永远睡着了。
此句选自恩格斯的Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx,原文系悼词,语体庄重。汉译是宜取形合,将when译出(当我们再进去……),如此,在语体上便与原文求得吻合。若取意合,将when隐而不译,亦能达意,如:……我们再进去,便发现……。则欠庄重,则难以像形合式的译文那样淋漓传递作者的沉重哀思。
b. It was quite late when we got back, nearly seven o’clock in the evening.
译文:我们到家已经很晚,快下午七点了。
原句摘自幽默小品故事How We Kept Mother’s Day,故事出自一个少年之口,行文诙谐活泼,充满生活气息。译文取意合,可谓恰倒好处。若译成:当我们回到家里的时候,时间已经很晚了,快到下午七点了。译文与原文在文体风格上的距离拉大,且显累赘。
英语重形合,并不是说,英语无意合。只消细心观察,我们不难发现英语中别具一格的意合句。限于篇幅,不在此赘述。

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