我们撇开主位推进模式的概念不说,但说说一个句子当中新信息和旧信息的一个转化和传递问题。一个交际中的篇章中的每个句子中的信息无非包括两个方面:已知信息和未知信息,也就是旧信息和新信息。新旧信息本身就是一对矛盾,对立统一。新信息的传递必然有旧信息的伴随。一般来说,由旧信息出发,传递出新信息。实际上,信息传递的过程就是新旧信息相互联系、相互作用、相互转化的一个辩证发展的过程。两个相邻的句子从信息传递的角度来讲,并不是毫无关联的,相反它们有着密切的联系。否则就不能成为语篇的有机组成部分,就不能连贯起来。相邻的两个句子中间必然有信息的重叠,这是它们能够成功推进的前提条件,这就是共轭相生的道理。试想一下,如果相邻两个句子中分别有着完全不相干的旧信息和新信息,信息上完全没有交集,哪怕是逻辑意义上也没有关联,那么我们是无法做到前后衔接和连贯的。
现在的问题就变得比较清晰了,只要相邻连个句子之间有信息的重叠,可能是一处、两处或者多处,那么这两个句子就能构成有效的衔接,即便是不使用显性的连接词语。按照排列组合,两个句子当中的两组新旧信息有四种组合。那就是第一句话中的旧信息与第二句话中的旧信息相同;第一句话中的旧信息与第二句话中的新信息相同;第一句话中的新信息与第二句话中的旧信息相同;第一句话中的新信息与第二句话中的新信息相同。从信息传递方面来讲,我们就暂时抛开句子的结构不管,只把句子分为旧信息和新信息两部分,然后来研究分析他们是如何做到衔接和连贯的。
我在上一篇博文中讲到了主位推进模式对高考“七选五”阅读提供了一种很好的解题思路。在这里我想再举出一些例子。
The play was interesting, but I didn’t enjoy it. A young man and a
young woman troubled me. I turned around and looked at them, but
they didn’t pay any attention to me.
在这个例子当中,第一句话中有两个小分句,第二个分句中的it代指第一个分句中的the
play,说明第一句话中的旧信息和第二句话中的新信息有重叠,两个小句实现了衔接。第一句话和第二句话也有信息重叠部分,那就是第一句话中的I和第二句话中的me。第二句话和第三句话中信息重叠部分是第二句话中的me与第三句话中的I和me,以及第二句话中的a
young man and a young
woman和第二句话中的them和they。这样三个句子就形成了一个衔接非常良好的一个完整的篇章。虽然这段话里没有出现显性的连接词语,但是丝毫不影响上下文的衔接和连贯。
我们再看一个例子:
Above the river is a bridge. In the middle of the bridge is a
school-bus. This school-bus carries 20 students.
在这个例子当中,第一句话和第二句话重叠信息为a bridge,第二句话和第三句话的重叠信息为a
school-bus。第二句话就好像是一座桥梁、一根纽带,把第一句话和第三句话紧紧地连接到了一起。
再看一个例子:
China is an Asian country; Japan is an Asian country; Korea is also
an Asian country; India, Malaysia, and Thailand are all Asian
countries.
在这个例子当中,所有分句都包含有重叠信息Asian
country,这一个共同的信息就把这四个小分句有机地结合在了一起,另外,also和all在整个句子的衔接和连贯中也功不可没。如果不是这样,那么就可能不会有这样的效果。
又如:China is a big country; Japan is an Asian country.
这样的两个句子放到一起,怎么也不可能构成一个连贯的篇章,因为两个小句包含的信息当中没有交集。如果改为:China is a big
country; Japan is a small country. 这就可以了。
再看一个例子:
Fishing is John’s favorite sport. He often fishes for hours without
catching anything. But this does not worry him.
在这个句子当中,第一句话和第二句话中间的重叠信息为:第一句话中的fishing和第二句话中的fishes;第一句话中的John和第二句话中的he。第二句话和第三句话中的重叠信息为:第二句话中的he与第三句话中的him;第三句话中的this代替第二句话整体。
下面这个例子就构不成语篇了:
Fishing is John’s favorite sport. He often waits for her sister for
hours. But this is not my book.*
这个例子和上个例子看上去挺相像的,但实际上是完全不同的,因为它根本就不是一个完整的、连贯的语篇。第一句话和第二句话之间没有任何信息重叠,如果说有重叠的话就是第一句话的John和第二句话中的he,但是我们发现这两个代词不可能指代同一个人,所以这个重叠是一种假重叠。第二句话与第三句话也是同样。
我们再看一篇高考“七选五”阅读的模拟题,我们就可以按照这种方法进行分析,做出答案:
Health is the most important thing in the world. Nothing is more
important than health. If one takes away our money, houses, cars,
or even our clothes, we can still survive.
71
That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way
and exercise regularly.
How can we keep healthy? In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid
eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies, which are
junk foods. 72
Besides, I only eat little meat.
73 Taking exercise every
day helps us build a strong body. Regular exercise is an important
part of keeping me healthy.
What’s
more, I think friends are an important part of one’s health.
74
I always feel better when I am with friends than
when I am alone. When I am with my friends, I always laugh.
Laughing is also an important part of health. It is good to stay
with my friends.
By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at
a proper weight and keep healthy. By spending time with my friends,
I can keep my mind as well as my body happy. These things sound
easy to do, but not many people can manage them.
75
A. Many studies show that people with a narrow range of social
contacts often get sick.
B. There are some people who like staying alone, but they keep
healthy.
C. On the other hand, doing exercise is very important.
D. But if our health was taken away, it is certain that we would
surely die.
E. I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep
healthy.
F. I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of
vitamins.
G. Some people appear fat because they often eat too
much.
这五个题的答案分别是DFCAE。
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