1.1.1.1  Synchronic vs. Diachronic

Synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.共时的描写以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度。 

Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.历时语言学是在语言的历史过程中 研究语言的。 

<A Grammar of Modern Greek>, <The Structure of Shakespear’s English>-----Synchornic description 现代希腊语语法；莎士比亚语语法 

“The Development of the Indo-European tongues”-----Diachronic description 印欧语系的发展

1.1.1.1  Langue and Parole 

The distinction between langue and parole is made by Sassure

Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 

Parole:  refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

1.1.1.1  Competence and Performance

Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.语言能力

Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

语言应用