Phonetics------How to read this word? 语音学

The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to establishment of phonetics

Phonetics----the study of speech sounds: 研究语言的学科。

Including 1) the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received.言语的产生（也就是言语在现实中怎样形成、传递和接受）

       Three main areas of phonetics

1)      articulatory phonetics: 发音语音学：2)      acoustic phonetics: .声学语音学： 3)      auditory phonetics: deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.听觉语音学， 

Phonology----Is it “think” of “sink”? 音系学

         How sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

Phonology: studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.研究的是语音和音节的结构、分布和序列，它将音位视为起止点，来处理语言的语音系统。

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds that human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order. 语音学是研究在言语中人类嗓音所能发出的语音，而音系学则是研究这些语音中能形成语音和意义的一个子集。前者是无序的语音，后者则注重有序。

Morphology: is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning----morphemes and word-formation processes.形态学，涉及词语的内部组织，它研究意义的最小单位-----语素和成词过程。 

Syntax: the study of how word combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.指对于单词如何组成句子的方法及支配句子结构的规则的研究。

These rules specify word order, sentence organization, and relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.这些规则规定了词语顺序、句子组织、以及词之间、词的格之间和其他句子成分之间的联系。

We know that the words are organized into structures more than just word order.我们知道词语组成结构靠的不仅仅是词序。

a.       The children watched [ the firework from the hill].

b.      The children watched [the firework] [from the hill].

Here is a single string of words that without any change of order can have two quite different meanings, each corresponding to a possible structure.这里词的序列没有任何顺序上的变化，但却有着两种截然不同的意义，每种意义与一种可呢功能的结果相对应。 

Semantics-----What’s the meaning of this sentence?  语义学

It examines how meaning is encoded in a language.

It is concerned with 1) meanings of the words 词汇的意义

                2) levels of language below the word and above it. 语言中词之上和词之下的其他成分的意义。

Key concepts: semantic components,语义成分；denotation of words词的所指；sense relations between word such as antonymy, synonymy反义和同义等词语见的意义联系，sense relations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition 蕴涵和预设之类的句子间的意义联系。 

Pragmatics-----What do you mean by saying this? 语用学

the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.

研究语言在交际中的运用，特别是指研究句子与它们所使用的语境和情景之间的关系。

要弄清楚各领域的名称及意义