AleksandrNevskii’s reign inVladimir (1252–63)wasmarked by co-operation
with the Golden Horde. One of the clearest examples of his policy related to
Novgorod, located in north-western Russia beyond the borders of the princi-
pality of Vladimir. The city of Novgorod controlled a vast northern empire
that stretched to the Ural mountains. It was also a commercial centre that
conducted trade with Swedes and Germans of the Baltic Sea. Unlike other
principalities in Kievan Rus’, Novgorod did not have its own hereditary line of
princes. But by the early thirteenth century it regularly recognised the author-
ity of the prince ofVladimir. Itwas in conformitywith that practice that Prince
Iaroslav Vsevolodich had sent his son Aleksandr Nevskii to govern Novgorod
in the aftermath of the invasion.26Novgorod had not been subjected to attack during the Mongol invasion,
but in 1257, the Mongols attempted to take a census there for purposes of
recruitment and tax collection.TheNovgorodians refused to allowthe officials
to conduct the census. Nevskii, who had accompanied the Tatar officials,
inflicted punishment on Novgorod, but was nevertheless summoned along
with the princes of Rostov to the horde in 1258. Upon their return Prince
Aleksandr, his brother Andrei and the Rostov princes joined the Tatars to
enforce the order to take the census in Novgorod.
After these events and under the guidance of Prince Aleksandr Nevskii
north-eastern Russiawas drawn increasingly into the orbit of Sarai, the capital
city of the Golden Horde built on the lower Volga River. Nevskii’s successors,
his brothers Iaroslav (1263–1271/2) and Vasilii (1272–7), followed his example of
close co-operationwiththeMongol khans.The princesofVladimir lost interest
in south-western Russia and confined their domestic focus to northern Russia,
that is, Vladimir-Suzdal’ itself andNovgorod.27In exchange Tatars aided them
in their capacity as princes of Novgorod in a military campaign against Revel’
(1269); they also helped Vasilii expel his nephew Dmitrii from Novgorod in
1273 and establish his own authority there.28During the last quarter of the century the next generation of princes in
north-eastern Russia appears to have taken advantage of political conditions
within the Golden Horde to serve their own ambitions and challenge the
dynastic traditions they had inherited.During the reign of KhanMangu Temir
(1267–81) another leader, Nogai, emerged as a powerful military commander
with virtually autonomous authority over the western portion of the horde’s
territories. Nogai’s power persisted through the reign of Tuda Mengu, who
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succeeded his brother in 1281, and who abdicated in favour of his nephew Tele
Buga in 1287. Tele Buga was challenged, however, by the nephew of Mangu
Temir, Tokhta, who eventually sought sanctuary and support from Nogai.
Together Nogai and Tokhta succeeded in arranging the assassination of Tele
Buga and the establishment of Tokhta as the khan at Sarai (1291). The alliance
ofTokhta andNogai did not survive; hostilities resulted in the defeat and death
of Nogai in 1299.29Prince Vasilii died (1277) during the reign of KhanMangu Temir. The throne
ofVladimir passed toDmitriiAleksandrovich.30Dmitriiwas the eldestmember
of the next generation whose father had also served as prince of Vladimir. His
succession thus followed dynastic tradition. But Dmitrii did not display the
same willingness to co-operate with the khan that his father and uncles had
shown. It is not known whether he presented himself before Mangu Temir
to obtain a patent for his throne. When the Mongols called upon the north-
eastern Russian princes to join amilitary campaign in the northern Caucasus,
PrinceDmitrii, in contrast to his brotherAndrei and the princes ofRostov,who
obeyed the order, declined to participate. In 1281, when Tuda Mengu became
khan, Dmitrii did not go to Sarai to pay homage and renew his patent for his
throne. TudaMengu responded by appointingDmitrii’s brother Andrei prince
of Vladimir and sending a military force of Tatars with Andrei and the Rostov
princes against Dmitrii.31The dual authority within the horde, however, enabled Dmitrii to gain
support from Nogai, who issued his own patent to Dmitrii and helped him
recover his position in Vladimir as well as control over Novgorod. Despite
the ongoing hostilities between the brothers, Dmitrii held his post until
Tokhta became khan at Sarai in 1291. Once again, Dmitrii declined to go
to Sarai. He was joined in this act of defiance by Princes Mikhail Iaroslavich
of Tver’ and Daniil Aleksandrovich of Moscow. In contrast, Andrei and the
Rostov princes presented themselves before Tokhta, reaffirmed their loyalty
to the Sarai khan, and registered their complaints against Dmitrii Aleksan-
drovich. When Tokhta undertook his campaign against Nogai in 1293,he
also sent forces to help Andrei overthrow Dmitrii. Learning of the approach-
ing army, Dmitrii fled. Andrei and the Tatars nevertheless staged attacks on
a total of fourteen towns, including Vladimir, Suzdal’ and Moscow. It was
only Dmitrii’s death in 1294, however, that resolved the conflict among the
Russian princes. Andrei, who then became heir to the throne according to
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