dynastic tradition and who also enjoyed the support of the khan, became
prince of Vladimir. Despite the legitimacy of his position, his rivals prevented
him from retaking possession of a key town, Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii, which was
held first by Dmitrii’s son Ivan and then, after his death in 1302, by Daniil’s son
Iurii.32Prince Andrei, supported by the Sarai khans, had unsuccessfully attempted
to undermine dynastic tradition and usurp the Vladimir throne. The Rostov
princes, who according to that tradition had lost their claim to the Vladimir
throne, supported Andrei. But Dmitrii retained the support of his younger
brother Daniil Aleksandrovich and, despite earlier conflicts with Tver’,33of
his cousinMikhail Iaroslavich. The unusual political climate within the horde
provided an opportunity for him to gain support from Nogai as well and thus
defy both the Sarai khan and Andrei.
Although Daniil Aleksandrovich of Moscow supported Dmitrii and the
traditional dynastic definition of seniority, his sons successfully challenged
that tradition. Gaining support from the khan at Sarai, who had no rival
such as Nogai during the first half of the fourteenth century, the Moscow
princes ascended and gained control over the Vladimir throne. To achieve
this position the Muscovite princes not only challenged the successor to the
throne, but forcibly attached territories that had belonged to Vladimir to their
own domain.
Andrei died in 1304.DaniilAleksandrovich had died the year before, in 1303.34
The dynasty’s candidate to assume the Vladimir throne was thus Mikhail
Iaroslavich, the seniormember of the next generation; his father, Iaroslav, had
been prince of Tver’ and also prince of Vladimir (1263–71/2). Khan Tokhta
approved Mikhail as grand prince of Vladimir. Despite the fact that Mikhail’s
legitimacy derived from both traditional dynastic and Mongol sources, Iurii
Daniilovich ofMoscowopposed him.Mikhailwas forced towage twomilitary
campaigns (1305 and 1308) against Iurii to secure his position.35
The competition between the princes of Tver’ and the princes of Moscow
continued through the first quarter of the fourteenth century. The princes of
Tver’were the rightful heirs to the Vladimir throne according to the dynasty’s
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traditional pattern of succession. According to those norms, the princes of
Moscow were illegitimate. Daniil Aleksandrovich had not served as prince
of Vladimir; his descendants were therefore ineligible for the grand-princely
throne. Khan Tokhta followed his predecessors’ example and confirmed the
dynasty’s selection for grand prince. Initially, his successor Khan Uzbek (1313–
41) also followed this precedent.WhenMikhail presented himself at the horde,
Uzbek renewed his patent.36
Mikhail remained at the horde for two years. His
rival Iurii, taking advantage of his absence, attempted to enhance his own polit-
ical power in northern Russia. Novgorod, whose commercial wealth made it
particularly significant to the rivals, arrested Mikhail’s governors and invited
Iurii to become its prince. Uzbek nevertheless continued to support Mikhail
and sent him back to Russia with Tatar forces to re-establish his authority;
Iurii meanwhile was ordered to appear before the khan.37But Iurii Dani-
ilovich won Uzbek’s favour as well as the hand of the khan’s sister in mar-
riage.38
Returning from the horde to Russia with his wife, an envoy from
the khan, and an army, he waged war to remove Mikhail. Mikhail’s forces
won the battle. Nevertheless, for his defiance and for the death of Iurii’s wife,
which occurred while she was in Mikhail’s custody, Mikhail was executed by
Khan Uzbek. Iurii became the grand prince of Vladimir.39
With the transfer ofthe patent to the Daniilovich prince the khan’s favour replaced the dynasty’s
traditions.
Iurii held the Vladimir throne for four years (1318–22), but he did so uneasily
and onlywith repeatedmilitary assistance fromthe horde. In 1322,KhanUzbek
restored the throne of Vladimir to the legitimate heir, as determined by the
dynasty’s norms of succession,Mikhail’s son Dmitrii. Iurii prepared to protest
and also present a large treasure,which he gathered inNovgorod, to the khan.
But Dmitrii’s brother Aleksandr robbed Iurii while he was travelling to the
horde. When Iurii finally reached the horde in 1325, Dmitrii murdered him.
Uzbek, in turn, condemned Dmitrii to death for his crime. But he transferred
the patent for Vladimir to the next legitimate candidate according to the
dynasty’s norms of succession, Dmitrii’s brother Aleksandr Mikhailovich.40
The dynasty’s candidate lost the khan’s favour, however, two years later
when the population of Tver’ staged a revolt against the khan’s envoy who
had led a force to that city, possibly to gather funds and recruits for a military
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