Dynastic reorganisation and the Golden Horde
By 1246, when PrinceMikhail of Chernigov was killed during his visit to Khan
Baty (d. c.1255), the princes in north-eastern Russia had already paid homage
to their Mongol suzerain and had been confirmed in their offices.21
Prince
Iaroslav Vsevolodich succeeded his brother Iurii Vsevolodich, who had died
in 1238, to become the prince of Vladimir. His appointment conformed to the
traditional, lateral pattern of dynastic succession. Iaroslav’s brother Sviatoslav
received Suzdal’ alongwithNizhniiNovgorod.Another brother, Ivan, became
prince of Starodub. Iaroslav’s son, Aleksandr Nevskii, was sent to Novgorod.
(See Table 6.1.)
It nevertheless took several years for the political situation in north-eastern
Russia to stabilise. When Iaroslav appeared for a second time before Baty in
1245, he was sent to the Great Khan at Karokorum. He died on the return
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journey.22
He was succeeded by his brother Prince Sviatoslav (1247), who
divided his realm among Iaroslav’s sons. Konstantin Iaroslavich received
Galich andDmitrov. Iaroslav Iaroslavich receivedTver’.The six-year-oldVasilii
Iaroslavich became prince of Kostroma.23
Starodub remained in the pos-
session of Ivan Vsevolodich’s descendants. The descendants of Konstantin
Vsevolodich, who had died in 1218, continued to rule Rostov, which subse-
quently fragmented into the principalities of Beloozero, Iaroslavl’, Uglich and
Ustiug.
This arrangement lasted only until 1249, when Iaroslav’s sons Andrei
and Aleksandr returned from Karakorum. At that time Andrei replaced his
uncle Sviatoslav, who fled from Vladimir.24Andrei held his position for only
two years. In 1251, when Mongke became the new great khan, the Russian
princes were required to attend the khan of the Golden Horde to renew their
patents to hold office. Although Aleksandr made the journey, Andrei did not.
Aleksandr returned to Vladimir in the company of a Tatar military force and
evicted Andrei, who fled first to Novgorod and then to Sweden. Aleksandr
Nevskii became the prince of Vladimir in 1252.25
Initially, as Baty and his successors established their suzerainty over north-
eastern Russia, they respected the dynastic legacy inherited by the Vladimir
princes from Kievan Rus’. They confirmed the Vsevolodichi as ruling branch
of the dynasty in Vladimir. In their selection of princes of Vladimir they also
observed the principles determining dynastic seniority and succession that
had evolved during the Kievan Rus’ era. But Mongol suzerainty altered the
process of succession. Although they tended to uphold Riurikid tradition,
the Mongol khans assumed the authority to issue patents to princes for their
thrones. They also demanded tribute fromtheir new subjects, and established
their own agents, the baskaki, at posts in north-eastern Russia to oversee
its collection and to maintain order. As the princes of north-eastern Russia
adjusted to these conditions over the next century, dynastic politics altered.
Succession to the position of grand prince of Vladimir came to depend less on
traditional definitions of dynastic seniority and more on the preference of the
khan; the khan’s favour could, in turn, be earned by the demonstration of a
prince’s ability to collect and successfully deliver the required tribute.
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