“独立主格” 结构
分词(短语)作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语,它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任,放在分词短语之前,我们称这为独立主格。
独立主格在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。
今天是星期天,你不必去上学。
原因从句:
Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to shool.
主语 主语
It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. ( O)
分词 逻辑上的主语
(It being Sunday 构成独立格结构在句子中作原因状语)
Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (×)
(因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,所以句子错误。)
官员们都到齐了,宣布开会。
分词表示
All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared
open.
分词逻辑上的主语
时间状语从句:
After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was
declared open.
天气允许的话,我们去颐和园。
分词表示:
Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace.
分词逻辑上的主语
条件状语从句:
If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace.
All the work done, you can have a rest.
分词逻辑上的主语
=All the work is done and you can have a rest.
所有的工作都完成了,你们可以休息了。
注意 分词做独立主格有时前面可以加with或without
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender
green.
树叶都绿了,使得公园很漂亮。
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated
, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the
president was
assassinated, the
whole country
was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we
are
going
to
visit
you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
英语中的独立主格结构是现代英语中经常出现的一种特殊表达手段,它用词简练,行文紧凑,描述生动,有很强的语言表现效果.因而对英语独立主格结构的特点、构成及用法深入探讨,有助于解题、写作以及口头表达能力的提高.
“独立主格”结构本身不是句子,在句中作状语 ,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等 。常见的独立主格结构有以下几种:
⒈名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词是主谓关系。如:
The
girl
staring at
him(=As the
girl stared
at him),he
didn't know
what to say.
Time permitting
(=If time
permits),we will
go for an
outing tomorrow.
⒉名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如:
The
problems solved
(=As the
problems were
solved),the quality
has been improved.
Her
glasses broken (=Because
her glasses
were broken),she
couldn't see
the words on
the blackboard.
⒊名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性 的动作。如:
He is going
to make a
model plane,some
old parts to
help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
They said
good-bye to
each other,one
to go
home,the other
to go to
the bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
⒋名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident
happened to
the plane,nobody
alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还 。)
So many
people absent,the
meeting had
to be called
off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
⒌名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on
his sweater
wrong side out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
The meeting
over,they all
went home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
⒍名词/ 主格代词+介词短语。如:
The
boy goes to
the classroom,book
in hand.
Mary was
sitting near
the fire,her
back towards
the door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
⒎there
be句型在句首作状语表示原因、条件等,用there
being.若它的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则使用其完成式there
having been.例如:
There
being nothing
else to do,I
went to bed.(表示原因)
There
having been
no rain,the
ground was dry.(表示原因)
There
being another
chance,I'll do
it better.(表示条件)
“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off we
started, ____
remaining behind.
A.
he
B.his
C
.
him
D.he's
⑵____
Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being B.
To
be
C. It
is D
.It being
⑶So many
people ____
him,he is
sure to succeed.
A.
helped
B.
help
C. having
helped D.
to help.
⑷The
key____,
I
couldn't
enter the
room.
A.has
lost
B.having been
lost
C.having lost
D . has
been lost.
⑸Nobody
_____ any
more
to say,
so the
meeting was closed.
A.had
B.having
C.having
had
D.has
⑹The
boy
lay
on
his
side, his
eyes _____.
A .half close
B. half
closed
C.half
closing D.to
close half.
⑺____, so
Mary had
to
ask for
leave to
tend her.
A Being
ill
B.Her mother
being ill
C.Her mother
to be
ill
D.Her mother
was ill
⑻This _____,
we finally
found
a
moment to
relax.
A.done
B.was
done
C.did
D.having done
⑼All things
_____, your
plan is practical.
A.considering
B.being
considered
C.considered
D.
are considered
⑽Werther _____,
we
will start
tomorrow.
A.
permit
B.
permits
C.
permitted
D.permitting
⑾There _____
no rain for
a long
time,the ground
was burnt by
the sun.
A.was
B.had
been
C.has
been
D.having been
10.1 独立主格
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep
sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was
in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with
+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand 前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes
looking straight up.
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we
小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go
out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
“独立主格”结构好句子:
⒈All finished ,we
sat down to
enjoy what
we thought
the most
delicious.
⒉All his ribs
(肋骨)broken, he
lay half dead.
⒊The lady injured badly, we
sent her to
hospital immediately.⒋The
weather being so
bad,we had to
put the game off.
⒌The door
broken, the
wind came
into the room
with cold.
⒍Some birds
make several
different sounds,each
with its own
meaning.
7Everybody has
something to say,
me included.
8.It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
9All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared
open.
10.Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace.
11.All the work done, you can have a rest.
12.The test finished, we began our holiday.
13.The president
assassinated , the whole country was in deep
sorrow.
14.This done, we went home.
15.The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home
earlier.
16.He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
17.He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
18.A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
19. He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes
looking straight up.
20. The
girl staring at
him(=As the
girl stared
at him),he
didn't know
what to say.
21. Time
permitting (=If
time permits),we
will go for
an outing tomorrow.
22. The
problems solved
(=As the
problems were
solved),the quality
has been improved.
23. Her glasses broken (=Because
her glasses
were broken),she
couldn't see
the words on
the blackboard.
24. He
is going to
make a model
plane,some old
parts to
help.(借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。)
25. They
said good-bye
to each
other,one to
go home,the
other to go
to the
bookstore.(他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。)
26. An
air accident happened
to the
plane,nobody alive.(那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还 。)
27. So
many people
absent,the meeting
had to be
called off.(这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。)
28. He
put on his
sweater wrong
side out.(他把毛衣穿反了。)
29. The
meeting over,they
all went
home.(会议一结束,他们就都回家了。)
30. The
boy goes to
the classroom,book
in hand.
31. Mary
was sitting
near the
fire,her back
towards the
door.(玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。)
32. There
being nothing
else to do,I
went to bed.(表示原因)
33. There
having been
no rain,the
ground was dry.(表示原因)
34. There
being another
chance,I'll do
it better.(表示条件)
“独立主格”结构巩固练习:
⑴Off we
started, ____
remaining behind.
A.
he
B.his
C .
him
D.he's
⑵____
Sunday,thestudentsareathome.
A.Being B.
To
be
C. It
is D
.It being
⑶So many
people ____
him,he is
sure to succeed.
A.
helped
B.
help
C. having
helped D.
to help.
⑷The
key____,
I
couldn't
enter the
room.
A.has
lost
B.having been
lost
C.having lost
D . has
been lost.
⑸Nobody
_____ any
more
to say,
so the
meeting was closed.
A.had
B.having
C.having
had
D.has
⑹The
boy
lay
on
his
side, his
eyes _____.
A .half close
B. half
closed
C.half
closing D.to
close half.
⑺____, so
Mary had
to
ask for
leave to
tend her.
A Being
ill
B.Her mother
being ill
C.Her mother
to be
ill
D.Her mother
was ill
⑻This _____,
we finally
found
a
moment to
relax.
A.done
B.was
done
C.did
D.having done
⑼All things
_____, your
plan is practical.
A.considering
B.being
considered
C.considered
D.
are considered
⑽Werther _____,
we
will start
tomorrow.
A.
permit
B.
permits
C.
permitted
D.permitting
⑾There _____
no rain for
a long
time,the ground
was burnt by
the sun.
A.was
B.had
been
C.has
been
D.having been
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