This lecture is devoted to –ed participle (traditionally known as “past participle”) used as premodifier and as subject/object complement. As premodifier in a noun phrase, -ed participles are mostly derived from transitive verbs;only a few come from intransitive verbs. As premodifier, transitive –ed participles usually denote a passive meaning or a sense of completion. And some –ed participle cannot be used alone unless they are combined with a negative prefix “un-” or when they are combined with an adverb to form a compound. The use of intransitive –ed participle as premodifiers tends to be limited only to a few verbs: retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown. These –ed participles have the sense of completion but imply no passive meaning. A few such –ed participles cannot be used as premodifiers unless they are combined with an adverb to form a compound. –ed participles that can be used as complement mostly come from transitive verbs. Adjectival –ed participles can generally function either as complements or as premodifiers, except for some relics of Old English. We should also pay attention to dangling praticiple.

课后习题

She must have worked all night, for, you see, she is with(sunk, sinking, hollowed, sunken) eyes.

答案：sunken

The Red Army marched at night with (lit, lighted, burnt, burning) torches.

答案：lighted/burning

My (bound, binding, bounden, binded) duty is to serve the prople heart and soul.

答案：bounden

More traffiv will be able to pass on the______(widen) road.

答案：widened

Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any______(encourage) advice?

答案：encouraging

The committee didn’t approve the ______(suggest) changes.

答案：suggested

Do you wish your breakfast______(bring) to your room, madam?

答案：(to be) brought

I don’t want that sort of thing______(keep) happening.

答案：to keep

Loaded with a Christmas tree, parcels and a bulging shopping bag, a taxi was a welcome sight.

答案：Loaded with a Christmas tree, parcels and a bulging shopping bag, I felt a taxi was a welcome sight.

Weakened by his last illness, I fear that another winter in this country would kill him.

答案：Since he has been weakened by his last illness, I fear that another winter in this country would kill him.