This lecture is devoted to –ed participle (traditionally known as “past participle”) used as premodifier and as subject/object complement. As premodifier in a noun phrase, -ed participles are mostly derived from transitive verbs;only a few come from intransitive verbs. As premodifier, transitive –ed participles usually denote a passive meaning or a sense of completion. And some –ed participle cannot be used alone unless they are combined with a negative prefix “un-” or when they are combined with an adverb to form a compound. The use of intransitive –ed participle as premodifiers tends to be limited only to a few verbs: retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown. These –ed participles have the sense of completion but imply no passive meaning. A few such –ed participles cannot be used as premodifiers unless they are combined with an adverb to form a compound. –ed participles that can be used as complement mostly come from transitive verbs. Adjectival –ed participles can generally function either as complements or as premodifiers, except for some relics of Old English. We should also pay attention to dangling praticiple.

课后习题

She must have worked all night, for, you see, she is with(sunk, sinking, hollowed, sunken) eyes.

答案：sunken

The Red Army marched at night with (lit, lighted, burnt, burning) torches.

答案：lighted/burning

My (bound, binding, bounden, binded) duty is to serve the prople heart and soul.

答案：bounden

More traffiv will be able to pass on the______(widen) road.

答案：widened

Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any______(encourage) advice?

答案：encouraging

The committee didn’t approve the ______(suggest) changes.

答案：suggested

Do you wish your breakfast______(bring) to your room, madam?

答案：(to be) brought

I don’t want that sort of thing______(keep) happening.

答案：to keep

Loaded with a Christmas tree, parcels and a bulging shopping bag, a taxi was a welcome sight.

答案：Loaded with a Christmas tree, parcels and a bulging shopping bag, I felt a taxi was a welcome sight.

Weakened by his last illness, I fear that another winter in this country would kill him.

答案：Since he has been weakened by his last illness, I fear that another winter in this country would kill him.

-ing participle includes both traditional”present participle” and the “gerund”. Prensent participle can be used as subject, object, adverbial etc. except predicate. But gerund can’t be used as adverbial. Gerund can be used as attribute, and it usually used to describe the effect,function,use etc. And there are many verbs followed by infinitive or by –ing participle that we should learn by heart.

课后练习

He was in low spirits and even considered____(go) away.

答案：going

We don't understand him_____(need) so much money.

答案：needing

The peasant boy swore_____(take) revenge on his father’s murderer.

答案：to take

The witness reported that he had seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of the robbery.

答案：seeing/having seen

Do you anticipate that there will be any real problem in getting support?

答案：there being

The government coerced the unions____(accept) the pay limit by threatening to call on election.

答案：into accepting

The magistrate has acquitted the sutdents_____(obstruct) the road.

答案：of obstructing

Most people prefer_____(spend) money to______(earn) it.

答案：spending, earning

Don’t omit_____(do) this week’s homework..

答案：to do/doing

I know you will pardon_____(I,say) so, but you keep_____(give) us too many words_____(spell) in English.

答案：my saying, giving, to spell

四级真题

What's the chance of_____a general election this year?

A, there being     B, there to be     C, there be      D,there going to be

答案：A

分析：of后面应跟名词或doing,因此只有A正确。

He was one of the greatest writers_____had ever lived.

A, who          B, which       C,that           D,as

答案：C

分析：表示什么什么之一，都用that引导。

His extravagance reduced him_____ for his living.

A, to beg                 B, from begging              C, to begging                  D,into begging

答案：C

分析：reduce sb to sth./doing sth

I am not used_____to like that.

A, to being spoken     B, to speak     C,being spoken      D, to speaking

答案：A

分析：be used to doing，后有to，说明应是被动，所以不能用to speaking

I appreciate______to your home.

A, to be invited             B,to have invited          C, being invited           D,having invited

答案：C

分析：appreciate后使用ing participle，根据句意可知是被动意义，所以应该选C

How close parents are to their children_______a strong influence on the character of the children.

A, has        B, have          C, having                 D, to have

答案：A

分析：主谓一致，主语从句作主语根据句意可知应使用动词单数。

I regret_____so much time and money on stamps.

A, to waste         B, for wasting          C,having  wasted          D, at wasting

答案：C

分析：regret doing指后悔做了，regret to do指后悔没做，根据句意可知是指后悔浪费了那么多时间和钱在邮票上面，指做过的事，所以选择C

I'd rather you______those important documents with you.

A, don't take      B, didn't take     C,won't take     D, not take

答案：B

分析：I'd rather对别人：I'd rather you did...表示对现在，将来；I’'d rather you had done...表过去.所以只有B正确。

If you____James,ask him to phone me.

A, should see     B, must see      C,might see        D,would  see

答案：A

分析：考察虚拟语态中if条件句的用法，（should）do

If Tom wins tomorrow, he _____thirty races in the past four years.

A,will win     B, has won      C, would have won     D, will have won

答案：D

有疑问。

本周我们主要学习非谓语中的ing分词部分，ing分词分为现在分词和动名词两大部分，以往我们并没有仔细琢磨着二者的区别，通过本周的学习使我们更加清楚他们的类别，有助于我们清晰地分辨出动名词和现在分词，从而更准确的指导我们做题，动名词顾名思义它具有名词的性质，因此在句子中不能充当状语，现在分词则更为活跃，可以充当除谓语外的任何成分，因此用法更广泛，需要注意的事项也就更多，很多动词后跟ing分词还是to do不定式，或者同时搭配两者时的不同意义都需要我们牢记。我们要更用心的学习语法，这样能使我们不论在作文还是口语中文法都更准确。

The non-finite verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord.This week we mainly talked about infinitive.There are two types of infinitive:to-infinitive and bare infinitive.Infinitives commonly occur wiht to,but in some contexts it it necessary to use the bare infinitive,and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional.So we must figure out in what situations we should use to or bare infinitive.Some verbs can be directly followed by an infinitive to form a verb-object relation.And these collocations fall into three types:
1,verb+infinitive
2,verb+object+infinitive
3,verb+(object)+infinitive
and there are also some points we must pay attention to.

课后练习

Why don't you get your wife____explain it to you?

答案：to

解析：why.../why not...句式中，紧接why之后的不定式总是不带to.而题目所要求填并不是紧跟why的不定式，因此to不能省。

Help the girl in front of you_____carry the baskets.

答案：to

解析：help之后即可用不带to不定式也可用带to不定式。

Don't forget to have him____come.

答案：/

解析：let, make , have等使役动词+宾语之后用不带to不定式。

The children are making____believe that they're princes and princesses.

答案：to

解析：使役动词为被动态时，不带to的不定式转为带to不定式

What he did was_____throw his arms around the boy and embrace him.

答案：（to）

解析：SVC句型中如果主句部分有动词do的某种形式，则作主语不予的不定式即可带to也可不带to.

I'd sooner____die than____marry him.

答案：/, /

解析：would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon, may/might (just) as well, cannot but/cannot help but等情态成语之后跟不带to不定式。前三个之后也能跟than-/as-分句，在这种分句中用不带to不定式。

It's not a serious error; we can_____.

答案：let it pass

释义：let (it, etc) pass 不予理会

And as for Joe and Betty Turner, well, they're not the neighbors I'd have chosen and never will be, but we _______.

答案：live and le t live

释义：互不相扰

At a very early stage, Paderewski revealed that he was a master of the keyboard.

答案：himself to be

The police believed their informant to be reliable.

答案：that their informant was reliable

subjunctive mood can be divided into two forms:be-subjunctive and were-subjunctive.

be-subjunctive is realized by the base form of the verb.Whatever the person of the subject, the verb takes the base form. be-subjunctive is mainly used in 3 cases

1.remember four Chinese words

2.adverbial clauses introduced by"if, though, whatever, so long as, whether,lest,etc.

3.in certain formulaic expression_r_r

were-subjunctive has only one form were.And it is used in certain adverbial clauses and certain nominal clauses. 

课后习题

_____(be) that as it may,our expenditure is bound to increase.

答案：Be

解析：前半句可还原为as it may be that,

He is my best friend,my second self,as it____(be).

答案：were

解析：as it were结构中做so to speak解，即“宛如，好比”只能用were不用was.

It's essential that he____(be) here by tomorrow.

答案：be

It's necessary that every member____ (inform)himself of these rules.

答案：inform

解析：be-型虚拟用在essential,necessary等形容词之后的that-分句中，即不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形。

I propose he_____(excuse).

答案：be excused

解析：propose表建议后跟be-型虚拟，而根据句意他被原谅应使用被动语态，所以是be excused.

If it_____(rain)tomorrow,the match would be postponed.

答案：were to rain

解析：看题可知这是were-型虚拟式用于由if引导的条件状语分句中，根据主句中would be可知从句中应使用were to do.其中were可用was代替。

It's just struck midnight.It's high time we____(go)to bed.

答案：went

解析：用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义it is time(that)…为其中一例典型，表示是该什么什么了。

If only I____(keep)my mouth shut!

答案：kept

解析：if only结构用动词过去时形式表示假设意义

She insists on his taking his vacation now.

答案：She insists that he take his vacation now.

解析：insist做坚决要求讲，转换为be-型虚拟.

如果你不听我的忠告，那就算了。

答案：If you do not listen to my advice,so be it.

解析：be-型虚拟用于某些公式化语句中表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义，so be it表示但愿如此/那就这样吧。

四级真题

I'd rather we____our lesson now.

A)have   B)had    C)should have    D)shall have

答案：B

分析：句意为 我宁愿我们现在就上课 用过去时表示对不可能发生的事情的希望。

_____their help,we wouldn't have succeeded.

A)Hadn't been for    B)Had it not been for   C)It hadn't been for   D)Hadn't it been for

答案：B

分析:主句用would have done对应从句应是had done,此题为省略了if得到装，故紧接主语的动词提前，其他成分不变，选B

The board deemed it's urgent that these files___right away.

A)had to be printed   B)should have been printed   C)must be printed   D)should be printed

答案：D

分析：urgent表示急需的后的宾语从句应使用虚拟式，即should+动词原形。

She always put her medivation on the top of the shelf lest the children____it by mistake.

A)took  B)should take  C)had taken   D)would take

答案：B

分析：lest以免的意思  后跟be-型虚拟式，加（should）动词原形

It is generally thought to be of necessity to a college student that he ____at least one foreign language.

A)know   B)knows   C)would know   D)should have known

答案：A

分析：根据句型可知为be-型虚拟，后接动词原形。

Had the weather been good, the children _____ out for a walk.
A. had gone        B. could have gone    C. would go      D. went
答案：B

分析：表示与过去的事实相反，前半句倒装，还原为if the weather had been……所以主句应用have done.

Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college。
A. could study   B. studied   C. had studied   D. would study
答案：C

分析：表示过去没有实现的愿望用过去完成。

He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows        B. knew     C. had known  D.would have known

答案：B

分析：as if后的从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑动词用一般过去式。

_____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.

A)There has been no rain      B)Having no rain  

C)There having been no rain   D)There being no rain

答案：C

分析：for a long time可知应用完成时，前半部分应该是一个独立结构，所以A不能选，应为C

If you have never planted anything, you won't be able to know the pleasure of watching the thing you have planted_____.

A.grow   B.to grow   C.growing    D.to be growing

答案：A

分析：watch后跟不带to的不定式，作宾语补足语。C选项有疑问。

经过这几周的语法学习，让我对被动语态和虚拟语气有了更深的了解，也对于曾经做错的题目有了更明晰的理解，语法学习因为是比较客观的教义，所以难免会有些枯燥，但是在攻克哪怕一个小小的疑问后，也会让人感觉清爽很多，就是这样一个一个小的难题攻克后，才能让我们今后可以更加流利准确的说出英文，写出精彩的英语文章，更加现实的是在专业考试中取得好的成绩，所以我们应该更加认真的学习语法。