13.The contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer make to English literature(乔叟对英国文学的贡献)

Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Middle English period. Born as a commoner and accepted by the aristocracy, he regarded life both with aristocratic ideals and as a practical matter. He could be peculiarly involved in and detached from a given situation. Chaucer affirmed man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism; he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love life; he exposed and satirized the social vices. He bore the marks of humanism and anticipated a new era to come. Chaucer dealt with all sorts of people with various temperaments. He developed his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions. In addition, Chaucer introduced many forms of rhymed stanzas such as the octosyllabic couplet and the heroic couplet. He employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm in his masterpiece, the Canterbury Tales. He also further developed his art of poetry towards drama and the art of the novel. Though rooted in the soil of Middle Aged, he transcended his art over time and made himself one of the greatest poets in English. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry. He is the English Homer

.（吉奥弗雷·乔叟是英国中世纪伟大的作家。生于平民家庭，被贵族所接受，乔叟用贵族式理想和现实的态度来看待生活。它可以独特地根据特定环境随时由入世转为出世，或由出世转为入世。乔叟强调人权，尤其是追求今生今世幸福快乐的权力，反对神权与禁欲主义，他盛赞人类的能力、智慧、机敏及对生活的热爱。他揭露罪恶，针砭各种时弊。乔叟带有人文主义特点，并预示着一个新时期的到来。乔叟不断地和各种人物打交道。他把人物形象的塑造提到了一个更高的艺术水平，他描写的人物有着独特的气息和个性。另外，乔叟引进了各种押尾韵诗节，例如八音节对偶句和英雄偶句诗体。在《坎特伯雷故事集》中他也轻松自如并富有神韵地使用了英雄偶句诗体。他将诗歌艺术进一步向戏剧与小说艺术靠拢。虽然乔叟是一位扎根在中世纪的诗人，可他的艺术成就早已使他超越了时代，使他成为公认的英国历史上最大的诗人之一。乔叟是英诗之父。乔叟是英国的荷马。）

14. why he is called “the father of English poetry”（为什么说乔叟是“英诗之父”）

Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English . In The Romaunt of the Rose, he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet. In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature . His art made him one of the greatest poets in English, John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.

（乔叟从法国引进了各种押尾韵诗节，取代了古英诗中的押头韵。在《玫瑰传奇》中他首次将八音节对偶句引入英语。在《好女人的故事》中他又使用了英雄偶句诗体。在他的巨作《坎特伯雷故事集》中，他更轻松自如并富有神韵地使用了英雄偶句体，他的艺术使他成为英国最伟大的诗人，约翰·德莱顿称他为“英诗之父” 。