5.The great changes in languages after the Norman Conquest (诺曼底征服后语言方面的改变)

After the conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French become the official language used by the king and the Norman lords. Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. and  Old English was spoken only by the common English people

(诺曼底征服过后，英国出现了三种语言并存的局面，法语称为官方语言，为国王和诺曼地贵族们所使用；拉丁语成为教会与大学的主要语言，而原来的古英语只成为平民百姓的语言。)

6．The period of Middle English literature (英国文学史的中世纪时期)

The  period of  Middle English literature starts from the Norman Conquest of 1066 and covers about four centuries.

（随着诺曼底征服时候，英国文学进入了中世纪时期，这个时期持续了大约4个世纪。）

7.The main features of Middle English compared to Old English literature（与英国上古文学相比中世纪文学的主要特点）

Compared with Old English literature, Middle English literature deals with a wider range of subjects with more voices and in a greater diversity of styles, tones and genres. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this also occupies an important place in this period. Its presentation of life is not only accurate but also lively and colorful ,though it often lacks originality of thought. Middle English literature strongly reflects the principle of the medieval

.(与英国上古文学相比，中世纪文学取材更为广泛，风格、基调、流派更加丰富多彩，民间通俗文学在这个时期占据了更重要的位置，它为读者准确而生动地展示了当时人们的各种生活。尽管其创作思想上有失创新。此外，中世纪文学还大量反映了中世纪基督教的教义。)

8.The chief characteristics of the romance （骑士文学的特征）

      The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. It follows the motifs of the quest , the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved .

     The hero is usually the knight ,who sets outs out a journey to accomplish some missions—to protect the church, to attack infidelity to rescue a maiden , to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command. The romance uses mysteries and fantasies, romantic love, and standardized characterization. Its structure is loose and episodic and its language is simple and straightforward. The importance of the romance can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world. The romance reflects a chivalric age.

（骑士文学也是中世纪盛行的文学形式，这种文学以叙述性的韵文或散文歌颂了骑士的冒险以及其他的英雄事迹。这种文学顺延了中世纪特点的主题-寻找并遭遇巨妖魔怪，并救出心爱的美人，主人公往往是骑士，他踏上旅程去完成某些任务-保卫教堂、讨伐叛逆、救出美人、迎接挑战或服从骑士首领的命令。）