It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

        原本一切都很简单。一组研究员在实验室里共同完成一个试验，把结果提交给某刊物，刊物的编辑把作者姓名及相关信息隐去，把报告交给这些研究者的同行去审阅。根据评论意见，编辑将决定是否发表。因此，版权归属于出版社，而其他研究人员要知道他们的研究结果必须花钱订阅该刊物才行。

        No longer. The Internet — and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by  restricting access to it — is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

        现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。经济合作及发展组织(OECD)近日发布一项调查，描述了这一现象所造成的深远影响。这份报告由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经合组织的Graham Vickery共同撰写，对于那些赢得可观利润的出版商来说，该报告读来心情沉重。但事情还不仅仅止于此。它还发出了一个信号，即当前科学研究中的一个重要因素即将发生改变。

    注：本来restricting access to it 的意思是“限制人们获得科研结果”，实际上就是出版社“通过限制刊载的手段来牟利”；另外，making access to 的意思是“获得某物”但这里上下文指的是“人们现在可以通过互联网得到阅读科研结果的机会，而不用花钱订阅某出版社出版的杂志了”。所以这里为了译文更加通顺，所以都采取了意译。

        The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

       在某种程度上来说，知识的价值和公众投资研究所取得的回报，取决于（研究成果是否能够得到）广泛的流通、以及取决于（公众是否能够）容易地获取（这些研究成果)。这是一项很大的产业。在美国，核心科研出版市场产值每年在70亿美元到110亿美元左右。国际科学、技术和医学出版社集团宣称全世界专业出版本类期刊的出版商有2000多家。他们每年在16000本期刊上发表的文章超过了120万篇。

   注： 本段第一句话比较抽象，难点是同学们看不到wide distribution的逻辑主语the results of their research；以及ready access的逻辑主语public，ready access的逻辑宾语是the results of their research。所以这里必须通过增加逻辑主语和宾语的方法才能准确理解原句。所以译文中增加了wide distribution的逻辑主语和谓语：“研究成果是否能够得到”以及ready access的逻辑主语和宾语：“公众”、“这些研究成果”。  

        This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

        这个现象现在正在发生变化。根据经合组织的报告，约有75%的学术刊物现在已实现了在线阅读。全新的商务模式正在形成，报告的撰写者总结出其中三种。第一种是所谓的大订单模式，即机构团体订阅者通过签订网站协议付钱购买阅读一批刊物文章题目的权限。第二种为开放式出版模式，这种方式的典型特点是要求作者（或其雇主）付费发表文章。最后一种为开放式档案模式，即一些组织，比如大学或者国际实验室建立和维护的一些机构数据库。其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。至少对论文的发表来说，这些都将颠覆传统的同行审阅模式。

        注：这里的“subscriber”其实在上下文中的逻辑意思是“花钱订阅的人”，所以可以把“subscribers to read”意译为“付费阅览”，旨在翻译之通顺。

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses_______________.
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
在文章第一段中，作者讨论了_______________.
[A] 期刊编辑的背景信息
[B] 实验报告的出版程序
[C] 作者们与期刊出版商的关系
[D] 期刊出版的传统流程

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
下面的哪一项正确地描述了OECD的报告？
[A] 该报告批评了政府资助的研究。
[B] 该报告介绍了一种有效的出版方式。
[C] 该报告让以盈利为目的的刊物出版商们感到担忧。
[D] 该报告在很大程度上使得科学研究获益。

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that_______________.
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
根据本文，网上出版的重要意义在于_______________.
[A] 它使得人们获得科学研究成果更加方便
[B] 它给科学研究者们带来了巨大的利润
[C] 它强调科学知识的重要作用
[D] 它使得对科学研究领域进行公共投资更加方便

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to_______________.
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
在开放式出版模型下，论文作者们被要求_______________.
[A] 支付出版的成本
[B] 订购出版该文章的期刊
[C] 允许其他在线期刊免费使用其论文
[D] 在提交之前完成文章的同事评审

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
下面的哪一项能最好地概括这篇文章的内容?
[A] 网络给出版商带来了威胁
[B] 一种新的出版方式正在出现