容闳 Rong Hong （已修改）

容闳，生于公元1828年，卒于公元1912年， 号纯甫。广东香山人（今中山县人）。近代中国著名的爱国者、杰出的社会活动家和向西方学习的先驱。

Rong Hong, his literary name Chunfu, was born in Xiangshan (now Zhongshan County) , Guangdong Province in 1828, and died in 1912. He was a famous patriot of modern China, an outstanding social activist, as well as a pioneer who encouraged learning from the west countries.

容闳出生在贫苦农民家庭，童年时，父亲为把他培养成买办，设法将他送到澳门，在英国人创办的一所小学里接受启蒙教育。

Though Rong Hong was born into a poor farmer’s family, when he was a child, his father, in the hope of making him a comprador, managed to send him to a school established by the British for elementary education.

1847年，在香港的一些英美人士的赞助下，容闳赴美留学，进入了马萨诸塞州孟松学校。毕业后，他又考入了美国著名的耶鲁大学。在大学里，他发愤苦读，克服了数学基础差和费用不足的种种困难，终于以优良的成绩获得了文学学士学位。容闳是第一个毕业于美国大学的中国留学生。

In 1847, with the help of some English and American sponsors lived in Hong Kong, Rong went to study in Monson Academy , Massachusetts, USA. After graduation, he took the entrance examination and enrolled in the famous Yale University, where he learned with diligence, overcoming the difficulties in mathematics and shortage of money, and finally obtained his Bachelor degree of literature with honors. He was the first Chinese ever who graduated from an American university.

容闳常年生活在国外，*大学毕业后，他的生活习惯和内在气质，都已与中国同胞截然不同。但是他并没有忘记自己是炎黄子孙，对祖国始终充满了爱。为了用自己的知识报效祖国，离开耶鲁后，容闳毅然拒绝了留在美国的劝诱，回到了祖国的怀抱。

Having been in USA for years, he had developed a lifestyle and an internal temperament, entirely different with that of（这两个词不能少！） his countrymen/compatriots by the time he graduated from the university. However, he didn’t forget that he was a Chinese descendant, and loved his homeland from beginning to end. After graduation from Yale University, he decisively rejected the offers to stay in America and returned to China so as to serve his motherland with what he had learned.

容闳回国后，看到了清政府的腐朽落后和国家的贫弱。面对现实，他忧国忧民。对比中西社会，他认识到，要使中国富裕强盛，就必须向西方学习。当时他的主张主要有两点：一是培养通晓西方文化科学知识的各种人才，二是引进西方先进技术，发展民族工业和交通运输业。为了实现自己的主张，容闳不辞辛劳、四处奔走、寻觅可行的途径。就在这时，曾国藩为了兴办洋务，广泛招聘人才。向容闳发出了邀请。1863年9月，容闳应邀到达安庆，入曾国藩大营。

He returned only to find the corruption and underdevelopment of Qing Dynasty. Knowing this situation, he began to worry about the future of the country and its people. After comparing the Chinese society with western ones, he realized that China had to learn from west if it hoped to become prosperous and powerful. At that time, he had two main propositions/assertions/statements: firstly, China had to foster various talents equipped with the western culture and scientific knowledge; secondly, it had to bring in(这里答案使用了句子，真的不可以用不定式吗？) the western advanced technology to develop the domestic industry, communications, and transportation（“交通运输”字典就是这么译的，没办法）. Yong Hong ran around China diligently to persuade authorities to have his ideals realized. At that time, Zeng Guofan was hunting people for the promotion of westernization, issued an invitation to him. In Sept. , 1863,  Rong Hong arrived in Anqing and join Zeng’s teem.

到安庆后，容闳向曾国藩提出了建立机器工厂的建议，这个建议与曾国藩建立近代兵工厂的想法基本一致，曾国藩即授予他出洋购办机器的全权。1865年，容闳从美国订购回了一百多种机器，为江南制造总局提供了主要设备。

In Anqing, since Rong’ suggestion of building machinery plants are roughly in accord with Zeng’s idea of setting up modern army factories, he was given full authority to purchase（查过了give authority to do sth.和give authority of sth.都可以，真的非常好！） machines from aboard. In 1865, Rong imported over 100 kinds of machines from America, which constituted the bulk（很高兴，不需要老是用most, majority等） of the equipment for Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau.

除了兴办近代工业企业，容闳还十分注重培养西学人才。他两次提议清政府派遣留学生赴美学习。清政府采纳了他的建议，几年内先后派遣了120名官费留学生，还任命容闳任中国留学事务所副监督。

Besides, Rong paid close attention to train people mastering western knowledge. He suggested twice that Qing Dynasty should send students to study in America. Qing Dynasty, adopting his advice, sent out 120 students on government funds in the following few years, and nominated him as the vise director of the institute of overseas students affairs. 

晚年，容闳定居美国，但他对于国家的命运与前途依然极为关注。对孙中山领导的资产阶级革命运动，他给予了极大的支持。直到去世前夕，他还不忘叮嘱自己的两个儿子，一定要放弃在美国的职业，回国服务。梁启超曾经说容闳“舍忧国外，无他思想，无他事业也。”一位美国人也评论容闳说“他从头到脚，身上每一根神经都是爱国的。”对于这些赞誉，容闳是当之无愧的。

Rong settled down in America in his later years, but was still concerned about the fate and future of China. He did the best to help with the capitalistic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Till the last days of his life, he kept warning his two sons to quit their jobs in America and return to serve China.

Great Scholar Mr. Liang Qichao once talked about Rong, “He had no other thought, and no other pursuits but concern for his country”. An American also remarked, “From head to feet, he was all there as a patriot.” He deserved all of these praises.

*容闳常年生活在国外，*大学毕业后，他的生活习惯和内在气质，都已与中国同胞截然不同。

此句，中文原文有逻辑问题，肯定不是“大学毕业后，他的气质才变得不同”，只能是“大学毕业前一直到大学毕业，他的气质已经逐渐变得不同”，所以英文译为：

he had developed a lifestyle and an internal temperament, entirely different with that of his countrymen/compatriots by the time he graduated from the university.也只有这样才能同主句的过去完成时配合使用。

但是中国人全都这么说，而很少有人说“到他大学毕业时。。。已经不同”。

上一篇翻译也有个同样的例子，中文说：将稿件放在门缝下面。我仔细思考觉得这句话有语病：门缝下面是什么，那不是地板吗？似乎应该说“将稿件放在门下面”或“将稿件放在门下的缝里”等。但是中国人几乎都按原来那么说啊。很有趣，难道说明我们汉语是不讲逻辑的语言吗？

总结：

汉译英，表面容易---碰到难处，转换意思翻译成简单英语，实在吃不准查字典，速度快于英译汉。实际上，译出来的英文，很易变成幼稚园英文，表达生硬不地道。水平有限，对了答案，但很多地方都学不来！有以下几点领悟：

1， 地道英语的分词、介词用得很灵活，名词、动词转换很灵活，再加上介词，很多汉语带动词的并列句，被其轻松化解。

2， 英语更注重逻辑和句子之间的连接关系。

3， 各种惯用法灵活使用。

4， 按英语的思维习惯译出很重要。但这很难！作为外国人，语法对、词语搭配对就烧高香了，可能没有能力去判断美国人是否能看得习惯舒服啊！