初高中语法知识衔接策略---定语从句

 

在初高中知识语法知识衔接的过程中，坚持由浅入深，循序渐进原则。由语法规则到练习，在“用中学，学中用”的方法，语法学习不能脱离语境。利用平时教学时间或业余时间（大概两周时间）把主要的语法知识给与复习，使学生对初中学过的知识进行巩固、练习。理解、掌握，便于以后更深入的学习。

初高中语法知识衔接----定语从句

定语从句在初中学生接触过，但只是简单了解关系词的用法，但要掌握定语从句的用法，必须先了解句子成分以及句子结构，才能准确判断句中所缺的句子成分，准确的选择关系词的用法。

在复合句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose等）和关系副词（where, when, why等）。关系词在先行词和定语从句之间起着三个作用：连接主句和从句；指代先行词；在从句中作句子成分。我们从以下几个方面学习定语从句

1.句子成分的分析

2.关系代词引导的定语从句

3.关系副词引导的定语从句

4.介词+which/ whom引导的定语从句

5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

6.解题策略

7.巩固练习

定语从句

一、句子成分的分析

初中英语对语法的学习比较浅显，进入高中，从各个层面对语法的要求提高。拿定语从句作为例子：不但要弄明白定语从句的语法规则，还要会分析句子结构，并且能够灵活的加以运用。对定语从句的考查主要是对关系词的选择。如何选择正确的关系词是大多数学生头疼的问题。由于学生对句法知识的缺乏导致学生在学习定语从句时，云里雾里，弄不清出句子所缺的句子成分，对于主、谓、宾、定、状、补、根本没有概念。所以在学习定语从句前，教师对句子成分和句子结构加以分析讲解，为学习定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句扫除障碍。奠定基础。  

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

1、 主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。担任主语的词有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句等

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)   

To see is to believe.           （不定式）

What he needs is a book. （主语从句）……

2、 谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

构成主谓结构：主语+谓语（vi）

We study English.        

He is asleep.

3、 表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 

构成主系表结构：主语+系动词+表语

The picture is on the wall.       ( 介词短语)

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）

The question is whether they will come.              （表语从句）

4、 宾语：

1） 动作的承受者-----动宾 

构成主谓宾结构：主语+谓语动词（vt）+宾语

We should help the old and the poor.  

I enjoy working with you.  （动名词）

I hope to see you again.  （不定式）

Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake?     

 Under the snow, there are many rocks.

 3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） 

构成句式：主语+谓语（vt）+间接宾语+直接宾语

He gave me a book yesterday.     

Give the poor man some money.

5、 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

构成句式：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

We elected him monitor.   （名词）

We will make them happy. （形容词）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）

 I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

6、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。由名词、代词、形容词。分词、不定式、定语从句充当。

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2.   （现在分词）

You should do everything that I do.    （定语从句）

7、状语：用来修饰动词，形容词,副词或者句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。              

The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.  

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

  句子成分组成了英语中最基本的五种简单句式: 即 主谓结构；主系表结构；主谓宾结构；主谓+间宾+直宾结构；主谓宾+宾补结构。遣词造句离不开这些句式。如果句子结构完整，为了使你的句子的内容更充实和具体，在简单句式的基础上加上状语，定语或者定语从句或状语从句即可。

定语从句中关系词的选择主要看基本句式是否完整，如果不完整，句子中缺主语，宾语，定语或表语就用关系代词；如果句式完整，缺少状语，用关系副词。下面我们详细讲解关系代词和关系副词的用法。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

【语境展示】观察下面句子，分析关系代词引导的定语从句的用法。

1. The people who / that called yesterday want to buy the house.

2. The man (whom / who / that) I have to phone lives in Canada.

3. She was not in the train which / that arrived just now.

4. This is the book (which / that) you wanted.

5. The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in her class.

6. It's the house whose door is painted red.

【自我归纳】

 先行词指人，定语从句中缺主语，用关系代词who（句1）。

 先行词指人，定语从句中缺宾语，用关系代词whom，在口语和非正式文体中可用who或that替换，并且可以省略关系代词（句2）。

 先行词指物，定语从句中缺主语，用关系代词which（句3）。

 先行词指物，定语从句中缺宾语，用关系代词which，并且可以省略关系代词（句4）。

 关系代词that既可以指代人也可以指代__物__，在定语从句中做主语或宾语（句1---句4）。

 关系代词whose既可指人也可指物，它和先行词之间构成所属关系，在定语从句中作__定语___（句5、句6）。

注意：关系代词在从句中作宾语时，在口语中可省略（句2、句4）。

从教材的文章中体会定语从句的用法：

…at 3:42am, everything began to shake. …it was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometres away. One-third of the nation felt it. A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses, roads and canals. … The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400,000.…later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. … Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

欣赏谚语中含有定语从句

1.He who laughs best laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好

2.God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助
3. All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的并不都是金子

4.Ｈe who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

不到长城非好汉。 

5.He who/that respected others is constantly respected.

敬人者，人恒敬之。

关系代词引导的定语从句。

一、知识梳理：

先行词是人或物的名词或代词

关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语，定语等成分。

常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。

二、用法归纳梳理：

1.who

当先行词是人，定语从句中缺主语，用关系代词who

Yesterday I helped an old man who/that lost his way.

His mother who/that loved him very much died in 1998.

2.whom

当先行词是人，定语从句中缺宾语，用关系代词whom。

The man (whom/who/that) I met was a driver.

Professor Liu is the person( whom/who/that) you just now talked about on the bus.

作宾语的关系代词whom在口语中也可用who/that代替；关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略。   

3.which

当先行词是物，定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用关系代词which/that。关系代词作宾语时可省略。

Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys

The picture (that/which) we are seeing was drawn by a 15-year-old student.

4.that

关系代词that既可指人也指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语或表语。当关系代词that在句中作宾语时，可省略。

This is an old computer that/which works much slower.

The picture (that/which) we are seeing was drawn by a 15-year-old student.

My hometown is not a polluted place that you think it to be.

5.whose

 关系代词whose既可指人也可指物，当先行词和后面的名词之间存在着所属关系用关系代词whose，whose= the +名词+of which/whom

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

==He has a friend the father of whom is a doctor.

He mentioned a book whose author I can’t remember now.

==He mentioned a book the author of which I can’t remember now.

6.as

.当先行词的前面有such或the same修饰时，常用关系代词as,构成such...as, the same....as结构，as在从句中做主语或宾语。

Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.（主语）

He mentioned the same book as I borrowed yesterday.（宾语） 

．As引出的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之前，之后。用来修饰整个句子。在从句中做主语或宾语。从句中的动词多与感官有关的词（如see, know, hear, watch, tell, expect…等），形成固定的句式As is known to us all, as is reported, as is mentioned above, as is expected等。翻译成汉语“正如……,正像……”

As is reported, Chang’e-3 has been a great success in the space

exploration of China.

As is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

7、几组关系词的特殊用法：

  that和which

在限制性定语从句中，that和which都指代物，并做主语或宾语，一般情况下可以互换。但有时两者又有其特殊用法。

that的特殊用法：

 先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none，the one, all, much, little等不定代词时，定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事情

There is little that I can do for you.我能为你做的事情很少。

 先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

 All the books that you offered have been given out. 　

 先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 

这是我看过的最有趣的电影。　　

 先行词中既有人又有物时；定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

 　Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?　

 在which或 who引导的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复，用that引导定语从句取代 which或 who 时；

Who is the person that is seated over there?

Which is the T_shirt that suits me best?

 当先行词为物并且关系代词在从句中作表语时；定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

The city is quite different from the one that is used to be.　　

 先行词同时又被the only ,the very，the last等修饰时；定语从句的引导词通常用that而不用which；

The only thing that I can do is to give you some advice.

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.  　　

 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个宜用that

They secretly build up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.

他们秘密地建了一座小工厂，那里生产的东西可能造成污染。

which的特殊用法

、which引出非限制性定语从句，which即可指代一个单词或短语，也可指代整个主句。

  This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

  Henry came back, which made us surprised.

、which可以作介词的宾语（即介词+which形式）引导定语从句，而that没有这种用法。

  Great changes have taken place in the city in which I was born.

、先行词后有插入语时，定语从句的引导词通常用which而不用that；

Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English .

、引导词在定语从句中做定语时，要用which 。

 He may be late, in which case we should wait for him.

which 和as

.关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句,as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 　　

(1) He married her, as/which was natural. 　　

(2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 　　

、as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，翻译成“正如……，正像……”；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 which翻译成“这件事…,这一点……” 　　

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. 　　

(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. 　　

(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. 　　

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. 　　

(5)Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

通过教师归纳和拓展，学生对关系代词的用法有了一个全面深入的了解。

三、巩固练习

I.将下面两个句子合成一个含有定语从句的复合句。

1.My brother works for a magazine.

The magazine is very popular in America. 

_________________________________________

2.The boy is lucky.

He has a lot of friends.

_________________________________________

3.Linda is a girl.

Her friends depend on her.

_________________________________________

4.That's the house.

I grew up in it with my sister Emilia.

 

5.Rome is a city.

It attracts a lot of tourists.

_________________________________________

II. 用适当的关系代词填空。

1. Are you the lady ________ asked for soap?

2. Many people have friends ________ social backgrounds are different from theirs.

3. She had shown pictures of a plant ________ had recently been discovered.

4. There was an old man in the village ________ none of us liked.

5. The girl ____ photo I took at the party was pleased with it.

6. Yesterday I ran into an old friend ________ I hadn't seen for years.

7. He showed me the place ________ he visited last year.

8. Shenzhen is not the city ________ it used to be.

9. The reason ________ she explained seemed reasonable.

10. The visitors say that they'll never forget the days ________ they have spent visiting Hainan Province.

III.单句改错

1．Do you know the factory which products are of high quality？_______

2．What do you think of the reason why he gave at the meeting yesterday？________

3. This is the biggest lab which we have ever built in our university.____

4．I am going to meet Tom whom they say is a good boy.________

5．Have you seen the movie what is playing at the Fox Theater？________

6. The last place where we plan to visit is a farm.________

7. I don't like the way which you speak to her.________

8. There are many people to who we can turn in the school.________

IV.用适当的关系代词补全下面短文。

Last summer, I made friends with some people 1. ________ are completely different from me. In July, I went to Mexico City to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there was a teacher 2. ________ was much older than I. We became really good friends.

In my first week, I had a problem 3. ______ was getting me down. Mexico City is a city 4. _____ has a lot of attractions. As a result, I went out all the time and I stopped going to my classes. Bob helped me get back into my studies. He was a boy 5. ________ I met on a trip and 6. ________home I visited frequently. He always told me stories 7. ________ were interesting and encouraging. Although we had different personalities (性格), we became the best of friends.