三、关系副词引导定语从句

【语境展示】 观察下面句子，分析关系副词以及“介词+ which / whom”引导定语从句时的用法。

1. I will never forget the day when / on which we first met.

2. We visited the house where / in which the famous scientist once lived.

3. The reason why / for which John changed his mind is not clear.

【自我归纳】

关系副词引导定语从句

先行词表时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语时，从句用关系副词___when___引导（句1）；先行词表地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语时，从句用关系副词where引导（句2）；先行词表_原因____（只有reason一词），关系词在从句中作原因状语时，从句用关系副词why引导（句3）。关系副词when, where, why在意义上都相当于一个“介词+ which”结构（句1-句3）。

知识归纳梳理：

关系副词引导的定语从句

先行词是表示时间，地点，原因方面的名词

关系副词代替先行词在从句中作状语

常见的关系副词有where, when, why

1. When

.当先行词是时间名词，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词when；

.when=适当介词+which

.当先行词是时间名词，定语从句中缺主 宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that；

I still remember the day when /on which I first came to this school.

The year in which /when the earthquake happened was 2013.

I still remember the day which/that I spent with you in the countryside.

2. where

.当先行词是地点名词，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词where

. where=适当介词+which

.当先行词是地点名词，定语从句中缺主宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that  

The house where  I lived 10 years ago has been pulled down. 

The house in which I lived 10 years ago has been pulled down.

The house which/that I lived in 10 years ago has been pulled down. 

    where的特殊用法

当先行词是等抽象名词（situation, case, point, position, activity等，表示事物处于某一环境或某种状态，或指事物发展到某种地步或某种程度，还有地点或位置的意思），且定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，缺少地点状语时用关系副词where；若缺少主语或宾语，用关系代词that或which

…until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.（必修一，unit5）

…we were put into a position where/in which we had either to accept we were less important or fight the government. （必修一，unit5）

3. why

.当先行词是the reason，定语从句中不缺主宾或表语时，用关系副词why

. why= for which

.当先行词是the reason，定语从句中缺主宾或表语时，用关系代词which或that

The reason why the SanLu milk company was closed down was that the food quality control was overlooked.

There are various reasons for which/why people write poetry.

This is the reason that/which he gave for his absence from the meeting.

四、介词+ which / whom引导定语从句

【语境展示】 观察下面句子，分析“介词+ which / whom”引导定语从句时的用法。

1. I finished reading the book in which the 13-year-old boy described his life.

2. The teacher from whom I learnt most was Mrs. Brown.

3.The thing about which Mr. Johnson was not too sure was the young man's honesty.

在“介词+ which / whom”引导的定语从句中，which用于指代物（句1、句3、），whom用于指代人（句2）。“介词 + which / whom”结构中介词的选择一般取决于习惯搭配或主从句的意义（句1in the book; 句2 learn from ; 句3 be sure about）。

知识归纳梳理：

、当先行词是人介词+whom; 当先行词是物介词+which；  　　

、that前不能有介词。 　　

、关系副词when ,where和why引导的定语从句可以和"介词+which/whom"结构互换。

、介词的选用：

1）根据介词本身的含义与先行词之间的关系而定

2）定语从句中谓语动词，名词，形容词等和介词的固定搭配而定。

3）根据关系代词在定语从句中所作的语法成分而定。若在从句中作地点状语，则用at/in /on/ above/over/…+which(= where);若在从句中作时间状语，则用after/at/in/on/by/during/ for/ since/…+which (= when);若在从句中作方式状语，则常用in which （=that）；若在从句中作原因状语。则常用     

for +which（=why）

、介词+which/whom引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语

当介词放在关系代词前面时，只能用“介词+which/whom"且which/whom不能省略；但当介词位于从句末尾时可用that/which/who/whom作介词的宾语，且可以省略。  　　

（1）The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

"that/which"可以省略 　　

= The school in which he once studied is very famous. "which”不可省略 　　

(2)We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. 

= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词短语，主句和从句之间就相当于and连接的两个简单句。 

（1）He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

==he loved…and both of them are very kind to him. 

（2）In the basket there are many apples, some of which have gone bad.

==…many apples and some of them have gone bad. 

(3）The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous.

   == The boat is famous and the name of it is Topsail. 

(4）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.

  ==…yesterday and three of them are written by LuXun.

注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 

T  This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确) 

F  This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误) 

巩固练习

I.将下面两个句子合成一个含有定语从句的复合句。

1. I remember one summer.

The whole family went to the lake then. 

_________________________________________

2. There are a few students.

I can't remember their names.

_________________________________________

3. The bookstore is having a sale this week.

I bought my books from it.

_________________________________________  

4. I have never heard of the singer.

My son talks about her.

_________________________________________

5. Emily and I shared a room.

We spent nights talking there.

_________________________________________

II.用适当的关系副词或“介词+ which / whom”填空。

1. We'd like to know the reason ________ she didn't accept the job.

2. This was at a time ________ there was no radio, TV or cinema.

3. The hotel ________ we stayed was both cheap and comfortable.

4. Carl is the man ________ you can depend.

5. This is the dictionary ________ I paid 5 dollars.

6. This is the hot topic _____ which the health experts have been talking.

7. This is the firefighter ______whom I have been working in Shanghai.

8. Is that the teacher ______ whom handed your graduation paper?

9. She is the very person ______ whom you can turn for help.

10. I earn only 2000 yuan a month, half _____ which is spent on my car.

III.单项选择

1.The police arrived , ______ the situation become calmer.

A. after which  B. before which  C.in which  D. from which

 The cloth ______ they made clothes is very beautiful.

A. from which   B.by which  C. of which  D. into which

 Xiamen is a beautiful city,____ I paid a two days’ visit during the           

Spring Festival.  

A.At which   B. From which   C.to which   D. In  which

4. There stands an old tree with a history of over 500 years, _____ many branches have broken off.

A. of that   B. when  C. of which  D. which

5.____ Do you mean I lack enough sleep?

 ____ Yes, and that’s the reason ____you are tired and don’t have a good appetite.

A. where   B. how  C.in which  D. for  which

6. The speed _____light travels is said to be the maximum in the      universe.

A.at which  B. with which   C. of which  D.to which

7. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _____up to half will     be from overseas.

A.in which    B. for whom   C. with which    D. of whom

IV.用适当的关系词补全下面短文。

Children are always happy on the day 1. ________ summer vacation begins. They think about the plans 2. ________ they have for the summer. Some children go to a day camp 3. ________ is near their home. At the end of the day, they can go home. Other kids choose to go to a camp in the country 4. ________ they are instructed by camp counselors. These counselors are often college students 5. ________ are trying to earn a little extra money during their summer vacation. Some kids go to specialized (专业的) camps. There they can improve a particular skill or learn a new hobby 6. ________ they are interested in. This is the reason 7. ________ specialized camps are popular with both parents and kids. There are some kids 8. ________ parents take them on a trip in a car. They often visit state and national parks.

V.单句改错

1．The English teacher, the daughter of who is in Canada, lives next to me.________

2．Among the competitors, there are three little girls, the smallest of them is Mary.________

3．I have bought two ball pens, neither of that writes well.________

4．We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people, and most of whom are healthy.________

5．The reason of which he refused the invitation is not clear.______

把语言点呈现在句子或篇章中，引导学生通过自己观察、分析，小组讨论、探究，归纳梳理关系词的用法；通过体会文章和欣赏谚语中定语从句的运用，加深了学生对语法知识的理解和巩固，牢记语法规则；然后通过形式多样的练习题的练习，巩固加深了理解和记忆。通过归纳法学习定语从句，鼓励学生开动脑筋，积极思考，勇于探索，激发了学习的积极性和参与性；避免了单一讲练的枯燥乏味。

归纳法即教师先向学生逐步渗透具体的语言现象，然后让学生观察、分析并找出规律，归纳和总结语法规则，这样语法课堂充满了活力，充分调动了学生学习的积极性和能动性，学生在轻松愉快的氛围中接受、理解和掌握语法知识；之后教师再通过反复的有意义性操练，培养学生对该语法规则的灵活运用能力。这样的语法归纳教学能使学生充分的理解和内化语法规则，并使他们逐步构建起清晰且完整的语法知识体系。

总之，教师无论采用那种语法教学策略，都应注意“精讲多练，以练为主，点到为止，注重运用”，让学生在练中有悟，在练中获得听说读写的能力。教师 在课堂上尽量给学生创造“做中学”的学习环境。只有这样，学生才会有参与课堂学习活动的热情，才能增强自信，感受进步，体验成功。这样的语法教学才具有活力和生机，才能使学生获得扎实的语言基础知识和语言运用能力。